PROPERTIES OF

A WELL-WRITTEN
TEXT
 ORGANIZATION
COHERENCE AND COHESION
UNITY
LANGUAGE USE
MECHANICS
 PARTS OF PARAGRAPH

INTRODUCTION
BODY
CONCLUSION
TYPES OF SENTENCE IN A PARAGRAPH

TOPIC SENTENCE
SUPPORTING SENTENCE
CONCLUDING SENTENCE
 TOPIC SENTENCE

This states the main topic of the

paragraph and the controlling idea
NOTE: Do not make the topic
sentence too general or too
specific
Too general:
EXAMPLE
Studying overseas was
deemed to be very
difficult
.
Too specific:
EXAMPLE
Studying overseas was deemed to be very
difficult for 63% of the people surveyed who
cited a range of difficulties including
homesickness, loneliness, difficulty making
foreign friends, changes to diet, health
problems, weight gain and difficulties with
money and jobs.
Better:
EXAMPLE
Studying overseas was deemed to
be very difficult for 63% of the
people surveyed due to the impacts
of culture shock, financial concerns
and health concerns.
SUPPORTING SENTENCE
This develops the topic sentence.
Supporting details should be drawn
from a variety of sources and based
on research, experiences, etc. plus
the writer's own analysis.
CONCLUDING SENTENCE

This signals the end of the

paragraph and leaves the
reader with important points
to remember.
 ORGANIZATION
-also known as “arrangement”, is achieved
when ideas are logically and accurately
arranged with focus on the arrangement
of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in
a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or
speech.
 Paragraph Arrangement:
1. Chronological Order - first, second, later,
before, next, as soon as, after, then, finally,
meanwhile, following,last, during, in, on,
until
2. Order of Importance- less, more,primary,
next, last, most important, primarily,
secondarily
Paragraph Arrangement:
3. SpatialOrder - above, below, beside,
next to, in front of, behind, inside, outside,
opposite, within, nearby
4.DefinitionOrder -is, refers to , can be
defined as, means, consists of, involves, is
a term that , is called
 Paragraph Arrangement:
5. Classification - classified as,
comprises, is composed of, several,
varieties of, different stages of,
different groups that
6. Process -first, next, then,
following, after that, last, finally
 Paragraph Arrangement:
7. Cause and Effect - Causes: because, for,
since, stems from, one cause is, one
reason is, leads to, causes, creates, yields,
due to, breeds, for this reason // Effects:
consequently, results in, one result is,
therefore, thus, as a result, hence
 Paragraph Arrangement:
8. Comparison and Contrast - Similarities: both,
also, similarly, like, likewise, too , as well as,
resembles, correspondingly, in the same way, to
compare, in comparison, share//Differences:
unlike , differs from, in contrast, on the other
hand, instead, despite, nevertheless, however, in
spite of, whereas, as opposed to
 Paragraph Arrangement:
9. Listing – the following, several, for
example, for instance, one, another, also,
too, in other words, first, second, numerals
(1,2, 3...), letters(a, b,c...)
10. Clarification- in fact, in other words,
clearly
 Paragraph Arrangement:
11. Summary- in summary, in conclusion, in
brief , to summarize, to sum up, in short, on
the
12. Example - for example, for instance, to
illustrate
13. Addition – furthermore , additionally,
also, besides, further, in addition, moreover,
again
 COHERENCE

- refersto the overall sense of

unity in a passage, including both
the main point of sentences and
the main point of each paragraph.
 COHESION
- a very important aspect of academic writing
because it immediately affects the tone of
your writing. Cohesive writing does not mean
just “grammatically correct” sentences;
cohesive writing refers to the connection of
your ideas both at the sentence level and at
the paragraph level.
 UNITY

-is achieved when a composition is

focused on one idea. In a unified text,
all supporting ideas are relevant to
the main thought. Without unity, text
will be confusing.
 LET’S TRY!
Use appropriate connectors to join
the sentences.
1. I prefer folk music. My
girlfriend adores heavy
metal.
 LET’S TRY!

2. The referee blew his

whistle to start the game. It
began to pour with rain.
 LET’S TRY!

3.Her boyfriend is very

good-looking. He’s a damn
good cook.
 LANGUAGE USE
-is one of the clearest indicators
of a well written text. It enables
writers to effectively
communicate ideas without
confusing the reader.
LANGUAGE USAGE

-refers to the rules for

making language.
 Levels in Language Use

 INFORMAL/PERSONAL
 STANDARD/ACADEMIC
 BUSINESS/TECHNICAL
 INFORMAL/PERSONAL

EXAMPLES:
 HEY ,DUDE, YOW,
NIGGA
 STANDARD/ACADEMIC
EXAMPLES:
Note to a professor:
 I missed last night’s class and will e-mail my
paper later.
 The problem was on garbage management as it
greatly affects the students who are occupying
the SJH Blg.
 BUSINESS/TECHNICAL
EXAMPLE:
Psychiatrist’s report:
“Dissociative rage order is not
indicated by the ER
assessment.”
 PRINCIPLES IN LANGUAGE USE
1. Use clear and concise sentences, usually about 18 words
long.
2. Avoid redundancies, cliches wordiness, and high falutin
3. Although maybe used, avoid overusing “There” and “It”,
drop it
4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Condensed.
5. Be consistent in pronoun POV
6. Avoid sexist language.
7. Use appropriate level of formality.
 USE CONCISE AND CLEAR SENTENCES

EXAMPLE:
Image is a very important factor in politics because
once the reputation of a person is smeared by
accusations, the people’s perception of the person
is forever tainted and it may cause him to lose
credibility and trust even when the truth behind
allegations is not yet verified.
 USE CONCISE AND CLEAR SENTENCES

Image is an important factor in politics. Once

the reputation of a person is smeared by
accusations, the people’s perception of the
person is forever tainted. The person may lose
his credibility and trust, even when the
allegations are not yet verified.
 USE CONCISE AND CLEAR SENTENCES

Image is an important factor in politics. Once

the reputation of a person is smeared by
accusations, the people’s perception of the
person is forever tainted. The person may lose
his credibility and trust, even when the
allegations are not yet verified.
 LET’S TRY
Bullying is something that can be prevented by the
students and this has to be handled by parents and
school staff. Parents and teachers can help children
understand what bullying is and explain to the
children that bullying is bad while the teachers too
should get involved directly and educate children
on the harmful effects that might bullying can
cause to someone.
 AVOID REDUNDANCIES, CLICHE WORDINESS,
HIGHFALUTIN

EXAMPLE:
Although offsprings are taught
not obtain free gifts from
strangers, at the present moment
many still do.
 AVOID REDUNDANCIES, CLICHE WORDINESS,
HIGHFALUTIN

Although children are told not to

take gifts from strangers , many
still do.
SAMPLE CLICHE WORDS/PHRASES

Time will tell, brave as a lion,

opposites attract, all is well that
ends well, once upon a time, time
and time again
 SAMPLE HIGHFALUTIN WORDS

 Hackslaver – to hesitate or
stammer in speech
 Hedley-medley- a confused jumble
 Heimate-to spend the winter
somewhere
EXCESSIVE USE OF “THERE” AND “IT”
 There's a book on the table.
 There's a coffee shop next to the
station.
 It was John who cleaned the flat.
 It seems as though we might need
some more money.
USE PRECISE VOCABULARY. BE ACCURATE.

EXAMPLE:
 Shafts that control the brake during
urgent situations are built inside
MRT trains to keep the passengers
free from harm.
USE PRECISE VOCABULARY. BE ACCURATE.

Emergency levers are installed

in every MRT train for the
safety of the passengers.
 BE CONSISTENT ON PRONOUN POV

EXAMPLE:
We should simply accept the fate is
simply an illusion; you must not leave
our decisions something that doesnot
exist
 AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE

EXAMPLE:
The teacher is the person who
organises the class. He is the one who
controls timekeeping and the
sequence of events.
 AVOID SEXIST LANGUAGE

EXAMPLE:
Each student makes up his own
schedule
 APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF FORMALITY

EXAMPLE:
Yes,diskette are like thing of the
past,but they’re still cool today.
 APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF FORMALITY

Diskette may be outdated,

but they are still fascinating.
 MECHANICS
-focuses on the technicalities of the
structure. It determines errors on subject-
verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, the
grammar, spelling, capitalization,
abbreviations and acronyms, the use of
numbers as part of the statement , and the
punctuation marks.
 Using the proofreading symbols, correct
these sentences.

1. I see the deer in the distance

2. What a delicious pizza this is
3. My birthday is November 20 1955
4. Dr Smith moved to Washington.
5. Stand over there, said the teacher.
 Using the proofreading symbols, correct
these sentences.

6. he visited the Space Museum.

7. emily smith goes to maple ridge
school.
8. did you carried the flag Charlie?
 Using the proofreading symbols, correct
these sentences.

9. He seen a rabbit in the yard.

10. Boxes was in her bedroom.
11. Those boys toys disappeared.
12. Their desks were messy today.