Pertemuan 2

Rangkaian Kombinatorial
• Gerbang Logika
• Rangkaian Kombinatorial
• Perancangan Rangkaian Kombinatorial
GERBANG LOGIKAGates

zulhelman@elektro.pnj.ac.id
 Suplementary Reading
• Digital Design
by - John F. Wakerly
– www.ddpp.com - you will find some solutions at this site.
– www.xilinx.com - Xlinix Web site
• Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals
by - M. Morris Mano & Charles R. Kime
• Digital Design
by - M. Morris Mano
• Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design
by - Victor P. Nelson, H. Troy Nagle, J. David Irwin & Bill D. Carrol
CAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN
• Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan kerja dari
masing-masing Gerbang Logika.
 Gates
• The most basic digital devices are called gates.
• Gates got their name from their function of
allowing or blocking (gating) the flow of
digital information.
• A gate has one or more inputs and produces an
output depending on the input(s).
• Three most important gates are: AND, OR,
NOT
 Review
• Digital Electronics makes use of 2 states:
– Logic High, or “1”
– Logic Low, or “0”

6
 Digital Logic
• Basic building blocks -- AND, OR, NOT
 Review Questions
What is the outcome of the following:

1 1
0

1 1
0 1

8
Truth Tables and Boolean Notation

• Circuits with one input

A P
– Buffer P=A 0 0 A P
1 1

A P
– Not P=A 0 1 A P
1 0
 Review

AND, where ALL inputs must be

“1” for the output to be “1”
OR, where ANY of the inputs can be
“1” for the output to be “1”
NOT (or the Inverter) where the
output is the opposite (compliment)
of the input.

10
 NAND and NOR gates

X Y Z P
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
SOP or Sum-of-Products circuits
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
 Basic XOR / XNOR
• Circuits with two Inputs:
A B P
– XOR P = A  B 0
0
0
1
0
1
A
1 0 1 P
B
1 1 0

A B P
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0 A
P
– XNOR P = A  B 1 1 1 B
 Exercise
A B A+B A.B A.B P
Complete the truth table
for this circuit and name 0 0 0 0 1 0
the equivalent primitive
function/gate.
0 1 1 0 1 1

1 0 1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1 0 0
 Combinational Logic
• A circuit that utilizes more that 1 logic
function has Combinational Logic.

• As an example, if a circuit has an AND gate

connected to an Inverter gate, this circuit
has combinational logic.

15
 Combinational logic
• How would your describe the output of this
combinational logic circuit?

16
 Basic Digital Chips
• Digital Electronics devices are usually in a
chip format.
• The chip is identified with a part number or
a model number.
• A standard series starts with numbers 74, 4,
or 14.
– 7404 is an inverter
– 7408 is an AND
– 7432 is an OR
–
17
4011B is a NAND
 Chips
• Basic logic chips often come
in 14-pin packages. Pin Pin 8
• Package sizes and styles vary. 14
• Pin 1 is indicated with a dot
or half-circle
• Numbers are read counter-
clockwise from pin 1 (viewed
from the top)

Pin 1 Pin 7
18
 Chips
• Chips require a voltage to
Pin Pin 8
function
14

• Vcc is equal to 5 volts and is

typically pin 14

• Ground is typically pin 7

Pin 1 Pin 7
19
 Chips – Specification Sheet
Voltage

The voltage and ground pins

must be connected for the
device to function. Check
the specification sheet to
make sure.

Ground
Diagram from http://www.onsemi.com 20
Chips – Specification Sheet

Diagrams from http://www.onsemi.com 21

 Wiring a chip
IN

Vcc IN
OUT

Vcc Probe

22
 Example
– Consider a buzzer which sounds when :
• The lights are on and
• The door is open and A
B Alarm system P Active
• No key is in the ignition C

VariableValue Situation
A 1 Lights are on
0 Lights are off
B 1 Door is open
0 Door is closed
C 1 Key is in ignition
0 Key is out of ignition
P 1 Buzzer is on
0 Buzzer is off
 Example
A B C P
0 0 0 0
• Truth Table 0 0 1 0
– A Truth Table can be used 0 1 0 0
to show the relationships 0 1 1 0
between : 1 0 0 0
• the 3 inputs and 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
• the single output
1 1 1 0

lights A
door B P buzzer
• Implementation as a
circuit using logic gates keys C
A B C Y

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1
Electronic Aspects of Digital Design
• How we represent digital information in electronic devices?
• By discrete voltages.
 Logic levels
• Undefined region
is inherent
digital, not analog

• Switching threshold varies with voltage, temp

need “noise margin”

• Logic voltage levels decreasing with new processors.

5 , 3.3 , 2.5 , 1.8 V
 Integrated Circuits
• A collection of one or more gates fabricated on a
single silicon chip is called an integrated circuit
(IC).
• ICs were classified by size:
– SSI - small scale integration - 1~20 gates
– MSI - medium scale integration - 20~200 gates
– LSI - large scale integration - 200~200,000 gates
– VLSI - very large scale integration - over 1M
transistors
• Pentium-III - 40 million transistors
DIP Packages
Gates in ICs
 Universal Gates
• Nand
• Nor