INFANCY

Group Members:
Alegre, Charmaine
Anicas, Beverly
Garcia, John Lloyd
Mangaoang, Bannylin
Navarro, Hazel
 Outline:
■ Introduction
■ Nutritional Requirements
■ Feeding the Infant
■ Formula Preparation
■ Supplementary Foods
■ Tips on giving new foods
■ Easy – to – Prepare Baby Foods
■ Common Disorders
■ Indications of Good Nutrition
 Learning Objectives:
■ After the lecture/discussion, the students will be able to:
1. Identify the nutritional requirements for infants: and
2. Come up with their own versions of complementary foods for infants which are
both nutritious and affordable.
3. Recognize the role of the different nutritional requirements which is essential
for the infant’s growth.
4. Enumerate the common disorders associated with the infants growth.
5. Differentiate the techniques in feeding the infant.
 Introduction
■ Infancy
– The term infant refers to a person not more than 12 months
of age. A healthy full term infant weighs 2.7 to 3.2 kg (6-7
lbs) and measures 48-50 cm (19-20 inches) in length. His or
her head circumference averages 35 cm (14 inches). His or
her skin is moist, elastic and not wrinkled.
 Nutritional Requirements
■ Calories
- the calorie requirements of the infant are high because the proportionately larger
skin surface leads to large heat loss.
- a rapid rate of growth necessitates a considerable storage of energy for the activity of
the infant is great.
- some infants who are relatively inactive might show excessive weight gains if they
receive the recommended daily allowances while others who are energetic might
require more calories than the level recommended.
- the calorie needs of the infant increases from month to month. At birth, a baby requires
about 350-500 calories, and in one year, from 800 to 1,200 calories: 120 calories per
kilogram body weight from the 2nd to 7th month and 100 calories per kilogram from the
7th to 12th month.
- the average requirement for growth in the first year is 50 calories per pound of expected
weight, 2/3 of this amount of needed calories being supplied by the milk and 1/3 by added
carbohydrates.
■ Proteins
- Allowances of 1.5 to 2.5 g of protein per kg in the body weight from 0 to 6 months of age,
and 1.5 2 g per kg in the body weight from 6 to 12 months of age, recommended by the
FAO/WHO Expert Group.
- Protein of milk contains all the amino acids essential for growth and from the early infancy,
milk from the mother, cow or goat comprises the only protein food.

■ Fats
- Whole cows milk contains satisfactory levels of the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and
arachidonic acid required by the infant.
- About 3% - 5% of fat is included when no specific amount is stipulated.
- If the fats are restricted, a larger amount of protein or sugar, or both, is required for energy
sources.
- the suitable quantity of fat is supplied in quantities of milk which furnish the required
amounts of protein.
■ Carbohydrates
- an allowance of 1/10 oz per lb of body weight which equals 1 oz per 10 oz of milk is
prescribed, which also equals 1% of body weight.
- 1/3 of the carbohydrate should be derived from the milk of the mixture, and the remainder
added in the form of starch or sugar.
- later in the first year, the carbohydrate is given in the form of starch cereal, and the
carbohydrate in the milk formula may be reduced.

■ Minerals
– required in proportionately greater amount in infants.
- In the first four months of the infant, liberal status of iron of the healthy infant may suffice
for the rapidly expanding blood circulation, special emphasis must be placed on the inclusion
of iron-rich foods lest anemia will result.
- An adequate mineral-salt intake is supplied to any infant when 1 ½ oz of milk per lb of body
weight is given. Enough iron is stored in the liver of the normal infant, sufficient until the 4th or
5th month.
- if deficiency occurs it is usually overcome by the addition of solid food supplements (egg yolk,
fortified cereals, vegetables and fruits).
■ Vitamins
- the vitamins necessary for the infant will be contained in the milk, with the
exception of Vit D and possibly ascorbic acid. The same is true for cows milk,
except that ascorbic acid is rarely sufficient. Therefore, it is desirable to
administer tomato or orange juice very early in life, regardless of whether the
baby is breastfed or formula-fed.
- pyridoxine is essential in the diet of infants, the minimum daily requirement of
this vitamin is believed to be 60 and 100 micrograms and its deficiency can lead
into convulsions.

■ Water
- the daily fluid needs of the infant are approximately 2.5 oz per lb of body
weight. His/her water balance is easily disturbed than that of adult because of
the large fluid losses through the skin and respiration, and because of the needs
for elimination. The requirement for water varies from 10% to 15% of the body
weight, 1 ½ - 2 ½ oz per lb of body weight.
 Feeding the Infant
■ Feeding the Infant
- it is dynamic in nature
- it has nutritional, psychological and biological interaction between the mother
and her offspring.
- may be BREAST FEED, BOTTLE-FED, or COMBINED.
■ Breast Feeding
- it has a physiologic ang psychologic value for the mother and her infant.
- it provides immunity factor and reduces chances of infection
■ Breast Milk
- it is clean
- it lowers risk of intestinal illness and general infection ad provides a host of
protective factors, both cellular and hormonal
 - easy digested.
- the protein form of lactalbumin is superior to casein and is easily digested by the infant’s
enzymes.
- fat remains unbound and is readily digested.
- non allergenic.
- does not have B-lactoglobulin or albumin of cow's milk to which bottle-fed babies are allergic.
- beneficial to the health of the mother.
- may not be advisable when the mother has syphilis, diabetes, AIDS, or any severe acute
infections. Also not encourage mothers under emotional or mental stress or if another pregnancy
follows.
■ Bottle-Feeding
- is feeding the infant with formula.
- bottle feeding or artificial feeding with cow's milk or other proprietary milk preparations is
recommended only when breastfeeding is CONTRAINDICATED.
■ Mixed Feeding
- is a combination of breast feeding and bottle feeding.
- when bottle is given to complete a single breast feeding because of INSUFFICIENCY of the
mother’s milk it is referred to as COMPLIMENTED.
- not encourage, may lead to lactation failure.
 Formula Preparation
■ Aseptic Method
- equipment's and ingredients are sterilized separately for at least 25mins.

■ Terminal Method
- all formulas are slowly cooled without shaking and stored immediately
in the refrigerator.
- left over formulas should not be used again or re heated.
 Simple Tips on how to help Infants
eat better
1. Beware of baby dinners or creamed products that contain nutritionally incomplete refined starches.
2. Drain off the syrup from canned fruits before serving. it is rich in sugar- something the infants does not
need.
3. Watch the number off egg yolks the child consumes per week. 3 or 4 egg yolks are a lot.
4. If it is fine with the doctor, give the baby 2% low fat milk instead of whole milk. It contains
substantially less fat.
■ Lugaw is a good food for the baby. The following foods should be added one at a time.
■ a. Banana (esp. ripe latundan at first), ripe papaya, mango, and tiesa provide a variety of nutrients for
good health. Papaya, mango, and other citrus fruits like dalanghita are good sources of vitamin C
which the baby needs to keep gums healthy, to prevent easy bruising, and to help the body fight
infection.
■ b. Eggs, Fish, meat, liver, munggo, soybeans, garbanzos, and peanuts are good body-builders that will
help make the baby grow faster and healthier, build strong muscles, keep blood healthy, and give body
heat.
■ c. Green, leafy, and yellow vegetables like kamote tops, kangkong,
malunggay, petsay, carrot, and squash contain vitamins and minerals that
the baby needs for good eyesight, clear skin, glossy hair, and good
growth. These vegetables also keep away colds.

■ d. Other vegetables like abitsuwelas, sitaw, and potatoes have added

vitamins and minerals that promote growth and make the body fit.

■ e. Other cereals like oatmeal, biscuits, and boiled root crops like mashed
kamote, gabi, etc. should likewise be included for more energy
 Supplementary Foods
■ - Mother's Milk is the best for the baby.
■ - Breast milk alone cannot meet the baby's needs after 6 mos.
■ - 3 mos. of age - mother should start familiarizing him/her with the taste of and
texture of the other foods that he/she will need for normal growth and development.

1. 2nd Month: Liquids like rice water, vegetable water, or kalamansi juice may be
introduced depending on the infant's acceptance and tolerance.

2. 4th Month: Scraped banana or papaya or thin lugaw or commercial pop like cerelac
and ceresoy may be given.
3. 5th - 6th Month : Full diet consisting of pureed meat, egg, fruit, vegetables and
cereals can be introduced to the baby.
■ -Weaning should take place. High calorie-high protein supplements are called for.
(beans, avocado, banana, eggs, sweet potato).
■ -When teething begins, chewy foods such as crackers and biskotso are given not
only to soothe the sensitive gums but also to teach the baby self-feeding.

4. 7th - 8th Month : Foods are chopped finely ( not strained) to teach mastication
■ - Examples are soft cooked egg with rice porridge, soft-cooked rice with boiled
fish, munggo and leafy vegetables, misua soup with beaten egg, peanut banana
mash.
■ Kamote cubes in meat broth, and mashed liver in green leafy vegetables.

5. 9th - 12th Month : Whole tender foods or foods chopped coarsely are given.
 Tips on Giving New Foods
1. After the baby's 3rd month, test his/her readiness to accept new foods by placing a teaspoon between the lips.
2. Start any new food with 1/2 teaspoon on the first day and add as the baby takes to the new taste.
3. Never start two new foods at the same time.
4. Show pleasure when giving a new food.
5. Give water between feeds to provide enough liquid to remove waste from his/her body to help regulate bodily
functions.
6. When the baby is about seven months of age, teach him/her to drink water and other liquids from a cup.
7. Give finely-chopped foods when the baby starts teething.
8. Offer bland foods to the baby.
9. Handle baby's food properly.
10. Feed the baby only with freshly-cooked foods or fruits freshly-peeled.
11. If necessary, divide the recommended amount of supplementary foods into several feedings during the day.
 Easy To Prepare Baby Foods
1. Get vegetable water for 3 months old baby.
Example: Sinuwam , Nilaga
2. Prepare Lugaw and soft-cooked rice.
3. By 10 months, the baby may share the family rice.
Examples : Egg Custard ( Leche Flan )
4. Get the boild flaked fish for the 4 month old baby.
Example : Sinigang, Pesa, Tocho and Sinuwan
For 5 months and older, you can cook.
Ex. Egg Yolk/Rice Soup
5. Set aside a small amount of vegetables like squash from bulanglang, potatoes from
nilaga, and munggo from ginisang munggo.
■ Mash the unseasoned vegetables and mix with lugaw.

6. Use the meat from Nilaga or Sinigang. Chop the meat finely and mix with lugaw.

7. For younger babies, meat may be given scraped.

8. Make dilis fish into powder then add to lugaw.

9. Set aside a small amount of boiled, unseasoned munggo and make it into Munggo
Mash.
 More Recipes for the Baby
■ Kamote with Coconut Milk
■ Beans with Milk
■ Dilis Powder
■ Lugaw with Dilis/Shrimp Powder
■ Yellow Squash Puree with Cooked Egg Yolk
■ Peanut-Banana Mash
■ Fresh Fruit Juice
 Common Disorders
•Diarrhea
•Vomiting
•Allergy
•Constipation
■ Diarrhea - the most frequently caused by bacteria and viruses although both overfeeding
and underfeeding can also cause bacteria.
■ Vomiting - it is commonly seen in infants during the first few days.
■ Allergy - Eczema- is the most common sign of allergy in infants before 9 months of age.
■ Constipation - infrequent bowel movements are not really the problem in infants but the
pain on the passage of stools, the inability to complete a movement though the urge is
strong, blood in the stools, and involuntary soiling of clothes between movements.
To overcome constipation, the following measures may be taken:
1. Moderately restrict in milk.
2.Increase fruit vegetable, and fluid intake.
3.Change sugar in the formula to laxative brown sugar.
4.Check the reconstitution of milk formula.

■ Colic - it is an acute paroxyms of pain, fussing, crying, and irritability which last 3
months.
 Indications of Good Nutrition
■ Weight gain - steady weight gain of 150 to 240 g/week that slows down toward the end of first
year to about 120 g/week as the proper (doubled birth weight at the end of 5 months and tripled at
the end of 1 yr.)
■ Length - increases by about 25.4 cm more at the end of the first year.
■ Behavioral Development
O-1 month - suckles and smiles.
2-3 months - vocalizes and controls head.
4-5 months - controls hand and rolls over.
6-7 months - sits briefly and crawls.
8-9 months - grasps and pulls up.
10-11 months -walk with support and stand alone.
12 months - starts to walk alone.
■ Bowel movement - normal without green or red streaks

■ Sleeping habits – regular

■ Tooth formation – average

■ Motor coordination –developing

■ Muscles - firm and well-formed with moderate subcutaneous fat.