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1. Alfred Adler has the belief that loss of social interest, or a turning away from
fellow humans, is the cause of psychological disorders.
2. Karen Horney proposed that the distress experienced by people with psychological
disorder stem from sense of alienation and tyrannical demands of an idealized
self-image (the “should”) resulting from their becoming distanced from their
actual needs and desires.
3. Carl Gustav Jung considered the imbalance between conscious actions and
repressed unconscious components of the personality as the source of disorder.
4. Erik Erickson whose theory is strongly grounded in Freudian psychoanalysis,
particularly in its focus on unconscious roots of personality and psychological
disorder, had the belief that development proceeds throughout the life span in a
series of eight crises, which, if unresolved, has particularly serious consequences
for later development.
5. Harry Stack Sullivan who emphasized interpersonal relationships, held the view
that people with problems in living have often experienced feeling of anxiety in
relating to parent figures, which may hamper their ability to develop appropriate
forms of communication with others and lead to disturbances in both thought and
language.
A group of object relations theories has proposed instead at the core of personality
lies interpersonal relationships. They believed that the unconscious mind is peopled
with images of parents and of the child’s relationships with them and that various forms
of psychological disorders originate from a person’s defective sense of self. Some
disorders are due to failure to develop or form an integrated sense of self early in one’s
life. Other disorders may arise due to a parent’s lack of empathy, or sharing of the
child’s perspective or point of view, as well as failure to mirror back or to take pride in
the child’s achievements, no matter how small, that often results in a desperate need for
attention.
Prominent object relations theorist:
1. Melanie Klein conceived ideas and techniques of therapy that are still regarded a
radical departure from conventional psychoanalytic theory and practice. She
maintained that the infant has an active fantasy life built around the parents and that
he must form an integrated view of his mother, incorporating both her nurturing
and depriving aspects in order to build his own self-image
2. D.W. Winnicot a British pediatrician and psychiatrist received given psychoanalytic
training from Klein, continued the tradition begun by Anna Frued and her mother.
She believed that the young children’s possessions, which she called transitional
objects, such as teddy bears and security blankets, play a pivotal role in their
development in that they help the child build a sense of self that is separate from
the mother.
3. Heintz Kohut held the view that a disturbed sense of self accounts for why
psychological disorders develop.
4. Margaret Mahler psychotic disturbance or a severe disturbance in the sense of self
of the child may originate from the mother’s failure to strike a balance between her
child’s dependence and independence.
The Humanistic Perspective
This perspective holds that people have an inherent, inborn drive toward maximum
realization of their fullest potential. Once this drive, for one reason or another becomes
inhibited, the ultimate consequence will be psychological disorders.
1. Carl Rogers developed the person-centered approach. This focuses on each
individual’s uniqueness, the significance of letting him achieve maximum
fulfilment of this potentials, and his need to honestly confront the reality of his
experiences in the world. According to Rogers, psychological disorder is likely to
develop in a person, who, as a child, was revised by to very critical and demanding
parents. Such criticism could make the child fell overly anxious about doing things
that they do not approve of, thus setting the stage for a lifetime of low self-esteem.
Rogers likewise, believed that the client, who has the potential for self-change
and growth, should set the course of his own therapy and not the therapist, thus
evolving a client-centered therapy. He held the view that if the clinician conveys
empathy and concern for the client, appears to be genuinely honest, and at an
optimal level of psychological functioning, psychological change in the client is
expected to occur.
2. Abraham Maslow on the other hand, defined psychological disturbance on the basis
of degree of deviation or departure from the so-called ideal state of being. To
develop beyond the lowest needs in the hierarchy, called “deficit needs”, children
should feel a stable sense of being physically cared for, being safe from harm,
being loved, and esteemed or looked up to. He added that suppression of the
higher-level needs which are needed to achieve actualization may lead to
psychological disorders, as when an individual raised in a dishonest environment
becomes deprived of the need for truth, and as a consequence, become mistrusting.
The Family Systems Perspective
This theoretical orientation is premised on the belief that the personality of an
individual cannot be fully understood without considering to the pattern of interactions
and relationships within the family. It maintains that the cause of psychological
disorders is disturbances in the person’s role within the family. Such disturbances often
originate from defective communication pattern, such as the use of paradoxical
communication or conveying messages with two contradictory meanings. Deviant
structural patterns of child and parent relationships, such as in enmeshed families, in
which family members have become so closely involved in each other’s lives that they
find it extremely difficult to establish relationship outside their family, is another factor.
Lastly, there is the prevalence of unwholesome system of interacting relationship
within the family as a whole.
The Behavioral Perspective
Behavioral theorists avoid making elaborate speculations about the “why’s” of
behavior since they prefer looking at its “what’s”. They seek to establish the functional
relationships between environmental events and the individual’s behaviors and view
psychological disorders as behavioral responses controlled by the environment rather
than by the conditions that lie within the person.
1. The paradigm of classical condition by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, which
involved the pairing off of a previously neutral stimulus with one that automatically
evokes a reflexive response, has widely considered as a model for the acquisition of
dysfunctional emotional reactions.
2. In Burrhus F. Skinner’s operant conditioning, the persons learns a complex
volitional behavior through a process of shaping, providing reinforcement for
behaviors that increasingly come to resemble a desired outcome, like providing
praise to an individual with acrophobia (fear of heights) each time he ventures
higher up a flight of stairs. Through manipulation of the types and schedules of
reinforcement, behaviorists were able to show different patterns for acquiring and
maintaining new behaviors.
The process of acquiring or learning new behaviors through imitation of the
behavior of another person, called modeling, has been extensively studied by
behaviorists who focus on social learning. Social learning theorists are primarily
concerned with studying and understanding how individuals develop psychological
disorders through their relationships with others and through observation of others’
behavior. Some theorists within this perspective likewise give emphasis on social
cognition, the way people perceive themselves, and others and consequently, form
judgments about the causes of certain behaviors. Social learning and social cognition
perspectives maintain that it is not only direct reinforcements that influence behavior of
people, but also indirect reinforcements that they acquire by watching others engaging
in particular behaviors and seeing them either getting rewarded or punished.
The Biological Perspective
There is a marked evidence for the relative influence of physiological states on
certain psychological phenomena such as emotions and cognitive processes. Factors
that influence the nervous system, such as lack of adequate sleep, too much drinking of
alcohol, or eating too much of food rich in calories, can consequently influence one’s
mood and thinking. It is a known fact that there is a connection between disturbances in
some aspect of bodily functioning and psychological disorder.
Similarly, data linking biology with psychological disturbances have revealed that
just as people inherit characteristics such as hair or eye color, height, intelligence,
creativity, and the like, they also inherit predispositions to developing specific
disorders. It is now established that such disorders as diabetes and heart disease may
run in families. Likewise, during the 1980s, it was shown that relatives of people with
mood disorders are much more likely to inherit a predisposition to developing these
disorders themselves.
Historical Background of Abnormal Psychology
As customs and traditions become gradually modified, as science continues to
advance, as man’s civilization becomes increasingly complex, attitudes toward
behavior disorders change.
You will see in the succeeding presentation how the field of mental health has
gotten into the contemporary understanding of the causes and treatments of various
ramifications of psychological disorders. Hence, there is a likelihood that ideas about
them, which have taken a great deal of twists and turn throughout recorded history,
shall continue to evolve.
Four major trends run through the fascinating historical evolution of present-day
psychology: the mystical or magical, the empirical, the scientific or natural, and the
humanitarian.
The mystical or magical theme regards abnormal behavior as the product of possession
by evil spirits or the demon.
The empirical trend views that psychological disorders must be investigated by
experimental laboratory methods, that knowledge must be based on experience rather
than speculation.
The scientific or natural approach looks upon behavior disorders as due to natural
causes, like biological imbalances, faulty learning processes, or emotional stressors.
The humanitarian view explains psychological disorders as the result of cruelty, non-
acceptance, or poor living conditions. Along this line, sympathy for the mentally ill has
grown; jails have been replaced by asylums, which have been replaced by hospitals.
Following is a table summarizing the notions of beliefs regarding abnormal
behavior as well as the individuals whose contributions to our understanding of
psychopathology cannot be overemphasized.
PERIOD BELIEFS CONTRIBUTOR CONTRIBUTION
Prehistoric Era Trephining- drilling holes on the skull
surface – would release evil spirits in a
possessed person. It was also used to
treat medical problems
• PERSONALITY DISORDER
Individuals who suffer from episodes of schizophrenia, periods of
depression, or attacks of anxiety are in a way like those who are vulnerable to
physical illness such as migraine, headaches, stomach upsets, etc. While they
have a hold over their symptoms, they are often described as “not being
themselves”. When they recover, they are said to be “back to their old selves”.
Personality behavior, ma became obvious at a relatively early age and
become so deeply ingrained that both their friends and family members have a
difficulty distinguishing the disorder from the person (Neufeld, 1992).
1. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER – The person seems to lack any
conscience or sense of social responsibility as well as feeling for other
people. Some of these sociopaths, may seem on the outside to be quiet
charming, candid, and generous, though in truth they are opposite. They
take advantage of others without showing any trace of guilt and have no
affection for anyone.
2. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER – often impulsive,
unpredictable, and often get upset easily. They get uncontrollably angry
for little reason; may quickly shift in their mood.
3. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER – unable to get rid of their
constant suspicions and mistrust of other people, even when facts
evidently point out the truth. Worse, they may have become more
suspicious of people who try to reason out with them. They are always on
guard and worried about the other’s hidden motives and expect at any
moment that they will be tricked.
4. SCHIZOID AND SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS – Both
involve personality disturbances which have qualities that resembles
schizophrenia but do not takes on its psychotic form.
Schizoid personality disorder – It is marked by an indifference to social
and sexual relationships and a very narrow range of emotional experience and
expression. People who manifest this disorder do not have the ability to close
social relationships or even to feel any warmth toward others are shy and
withdrawn – a true “loner”, humorless and aloof.
Schizotypal personality disorder – people look peculiar and even bizarre
in their way of relating others, their way of thinking, their way of acting and
even their way of dressing. Strangeness in their ideas may include magical
thinking and beliefs in certain forms of psychic phenomena as clairvoyance or
telepathy. They generally experience illusions and their speech, though
coherent ma appear strange to others.
5. HISTRIONIC AND NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDERS – involve
excessive display of emotions and egocentricity.
Histrionic personality disorder – highly excitable, and often to react on
gigantic display of shallow and non-genuine emotions.
Narcissistic personality disorder – often quite charming and attractive
and pre-occupied with appearance, but once you know them, they are easy to
dislike. They have inflated sense of self-importance and claim perfection. They
fell entitled to everything and end up using people for their own purpose,
including sex. They crave constant attention and admiration because of their
desperate attempts to compensate for feelings of emptiness and
worthlessness lurking beneath the surface.
6. AVOIDANT AND DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER – locate on
the extreme ends of spectrum on attitude towards relationship with others.
Avoidant personality disorder – characterized by extreme sensitivity to
possible rejection as well as innocent remarks which are interpreted by them
as forms of criticism avoidance of close relationships unless there is certainty
of acceptance and approval, fear of saying something embarrassing, feelings
of inferiority and personal imperfections, and longing for affection.
Dependent personality disorder – are strongly drawn to others. They are
inclined to depend on others at all costs, even if the latter are mean and
abusive. They lack self-confidence and initiative.
7. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE DISORDER –
involving conflict over the matter of control.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder – constantly feel immobilized
by decisions because they are afraid of making mistakes. They tend to be
strongly perfectionistic in that they are so absorbed in unimportant details as
to be unable to see “the big picture” and inflexible.
Passive-aggressive personality disorder – demonstrate resentment
toward others, but only indirectly, through such unsavory techniques as
procrastination, stubbornness, and intentional inefficiency. They lack
confidence in themselves and embrace a pessimistic attitude.
8. CONTROVERISIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER PATTERNS – when DSM is
being revised in the mid-1980’s, a great deal of debate centered on the
possible inclusion of two personality disorder – sadistic personality disorder
and self-defeating personality disorder.
Sadistic personality disorder – marked by acting toward others in cruel
and demeaning ways, physically, psychologically or both. People with this
disorder may be physically violent, abusive and apt to humiliate others.
Self-defeating personality disorder – people act in ways that lead them
to belittle or underestimate themselves, be deprived of gratification or
pleasure, and rather experience pleasure suffer form pain. Through
unfortunate life choices that they make, they experience disappointment,
failure or abuse in the process.
• ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety is a common dimension of day-to-day human experiences.
Abnormal behavior is a result of failure to cope with anxiety. Anxiety disorders
are marked by experience of physiological arousal, apprehension or feeling
dread, hyper vigilance, avoidance, and sometimes, a specific fear or phobia.
a. Panic Disorders – they experience frequent and recurrent sensations of
fear and physical discomfort or when their tension is converted into a flood
of terror.
b. Phobic Disorders – Phobias are more likely to affect adolescents and
young adults than do other people and among females than among males.
c. Social Phobia – Often associated with drug or alcohol abuse, it applies to
condition in which the person feels afraid of apprehensive being observed
by others, thus acting in ways they are humiliating or embarrassing.
d. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – victims have a number of worries that
spread to various spheres of their life, rather than being focused on one
specific fear. Freud called the condition “free-floating” anxiety.
e. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – the individuals develop obsessions –
thoughts that keep cropping up persistently and in disturbing fashion, and
compulsions – irresistible urges to perform some act over and over again.
These thoughts and behaviors are unrealistic and often take a ritualistic
form, such as washing of hands or rather, cleansing behaviors.
f. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Some people are not lucky enough to
endure traumatic stresses that lie outside the range of usual human
experience. They include victims not only of tragedies or natural disasters,
but also of shocking stressful experience that human beings themselves
devise – rape, assault and kidnapping, to mention a few. Flashbacks,
nightmares and intrusive thoughts that may alternate with attempts of the
person to deny that the event really took place, are among the aftereffects
of the traumatic event.
• SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
Both entail the expression of conflict through radical, and at times,
extremely unusual, disturbances in behavior, with symptoms that are quite
difficult to explain (Halgin and Whitbourne, 1994).
Somatoform Disorders – involve the expression of psychological conflict
in physical symptoms for which no medical origins could be found. When
brought to neurophysiological testing, victims of this disorder may not
produce abnormal responses since the symptoms do not match with those of
any known physical disorder.
1. Conversion Disorder – individuals show motor and sensory disturbances
as well as stimulate or complicated physical illness, with a curious lack of
distress over their apparent physical problems, called la belle indifference
(the “beautiful” lack of concern).
2. Somatization Disorder – originally called Biquet’s Syndrome, has the
same symptoms as the conversion disorder, except that here, there are
multiple are recurrent bodily symptoms, with seemingly exaggerated
physical complaints.
3. Pain Disorder – involves primarily the complaint of the pain which has a
psychological component and a medical cause as well.
4. Body Dysmorphic Disorder – People with this have an undue concern
about physical appearance of a part of their body, almost to the point of
being delusional. Consequently, the disorder may lead to social isolation,
work problems, unnecessary cosmetic surgery, and in extremely severe
cases, depression, and suicide.
5. Hypochondriasis – have a belief or fear that they have serious disease,
even if they are merely experiencing normal bodily reactions. May be
regarded as a form of depression, a mechanism for people who are
expressing psychological concerns to seek help for medical problems.
Malingering - involves deliberate fabrication of symptoms of physical
illness for some hidden or ulterior motive.
Factitious Disorder – similar to malingering, except that its symptoms
may be physical, psychological, or both, and the feigning of the symptoms or
disorders centers of an inner need to maintain a sick role.
An extreme form of factitious disorder is called Munchausen’s
Syndrome, named after Baron von Munchausen. The syndrome is used to
described a condition in which an individual may go beyond merely
complaining about physical distress an inflict self-injury to look “ill”.
Dissociative Disorders – involve expressing indirectly
psychological conflict through the dissociation, or separation, of
part of the person’s personality, memory, or both.
Socialized
• Evidence of social • Steals items of nontrivial value
attachment but without confronting a victim
callous and (shoplifting, but without
manipulative to breaking and entering)
others
• Lacks guilt or
remorse Serious violation of rules
Aggressive • Stays out at night despite of
• Repetitive and parental prohibitions beginning
persistent pattern of before 13 y/o
violating rights of • Runs away from home overnight
others at least twice while living in
• Physical violence parental or surrogate home or
• Rape once without returning for a
• Assault lengthy period
• Theft • Truant from school, beginning
before age 13 y/o
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
2 Components :
• Carelessness with work
Inattention Component • Forgetful in daily activities
• No sense of belonging
• Is easily distracted
• Can not follow instructions
• Has difficulty in organizing tasks
• Has difficulty in sustaining attention in
tasks or play activity
• Does not listen when spoken to directly
• Avoids, dislikes or id reluctant to engage in
task requiring sustained mental effort (e.g.
school work or home work
• Loses things necessary for tasks or
activities (e.g. toys, school assignments,
pencils/books, or tools, etc.)
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
Hyperactive-Impulse • Fidgeting
Component • Restlessness
Hyperactive • Inappropriate running
about
• Difficulty of playing
quietly
• Excessive talking
• Leaves seat in classroom
or in other situations in
which remaining seated
is expected
• Often “on the go” and
acts as if “driven by a
motor”
Generalized anxiety • Worries of not being able to get Chronic for 6 Persists into
disorder through the day on some months adulthood
unrealistic concern among
• Unrelenting worrying children
• Worrying :
What clothes to wear
Where to sit
Whether to being scolded or
injured
• Feels physically sick, headaches,
stomachaches, nausea or
dizziness
• Dwells on particular situations
• Is perfectionist, resulting to self-
doubt
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
Rett’s disorder • Normal head circumstances, prenatal and perinatal and 1 y/o Females Lifelong
psycho-motor development through the first months only
Onset of all the following after the period of normal
development
• Deceleration of head growth between ages 5 and 48
months
• Loss of previously acquired purposeful hand skills
between 5 and 30 mos. With subsequent stereotyped
hand movements (e.g. hand wringing or hand washing)
• Loss of social engagement early in the course (although
social interaction develop later)
• Poorly coordinated gait or trunk movements
• Severely impaired expressive and receptive language
development
• Severe psychomotor retardation
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
• Qualitative impairment in
communication (e.g. delay or lack of
spoken language, inability to sustain or
initiate a conversation, stereotyped and
repetitive use of language, lack of
varied make believe play)
• Restricted repetitive, and stereotyped
patterns of behavior interest, motor
mannerism and activities
Childhood:
• Difficulty in forming emotional
bond
• Attached to inanimate objects
• Lack of emotion and sensitivity
• Speech:
Unusual
Appropriately loud
Monotonous
High-pitched
Strange sounds
Echolalia (echo words heard)
Monologue than conversation
Confused “I” and “You”
• Unusual behavior
Spins around
Rocks back and forth
Bangs head
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
• Regressive behavior:
Temper
Soiling of cloth (defecating or urinating)
Rigid rituals or routines
2. Qualitative impairment in
communication , manifests at least
one:
• Delay in, or total lack of the
development of spoken language (not
accompanied by an attempt to
compensate through alternative modes
of communication such as gesture or
mime)
• Marked impairment in the ability to
initiate or sustain a conversation with
others.
• Stereotyped and repetitive use of
language or idiosyncratic language
• Lack of varied, spontaneous make-
believe play appropriate to
developmental level
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
OTHER DISORDERS
THAT ORIGINATE IN
CHILDHOOD
CHILDHOOD EATING
DISORDER
ELIMINATION
DISORDERS
REACTIVE
ATTACHMENT
DISORDER Greater in
• Severe disturbances boys/ males
in ability to relate to
others
• Apathetic
• Isolations/ withdrawn
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
Age – present since childhood Sex – more common among boys than girls
Degree of Retardation IQ Range Preschool (0-5) School Age (6-18)
Mild 50-70 -Can learn social and communication skills - Can achieve academic skills up to
Educable Mentally Retarded - Numerical sensory-motor retardation grade six
(EMR) - Identified until to communicate - Can be trained towards social
conformity
Moderate 40-49 - Can speak or learn to communicate - Can be trained in social and
Trainable Mentally Retarded - Lacks social awareness occupational skills
(TMR) - Has favorable motor skills - Unable to proceed beyond second-
- Self-help skill grade level
- Requires minimal supervision - Has minimal independency in
familiar places
Severe 20-39 - Has undeveloped motor and language - Can learn to talk or communicate
skills - Is trained for basic self-help skills
- Inability to self-help skills - Systematic habit training
- Impaired communication
Profound Below 20 - Gross retardation - Minimal motor development
- Less memory-motor functioning - Less response in self-help training
- Intensive care
Management
Etiology - Prevention through early
- Genetic inheritance detection
- Environment hazard - Prenatal education and medical
care
- Alcohol or substance abuse in
mother - Teaching of social and living
skills
- Inadequate nutrition - Work with families to provide
- Illness support and teach behavioral
intervention
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
Differential Diagnosis
Adult antisocial behavior
- Illegal or immoral
behavior (stealing,
lying, and cheating)
- Not long-standing
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
AGE SEX DURATION
Impulse Control
- Restrains one’s
immediate needs or
disease
- Conduct disorder
- Get’s into trouble at
home, at school, and
in the neighborhood
with children - Depression
Feeling of emptiness
BORDERLINE Varied negative emotions
PERSONALITY - Sensitive to interpersonal actions and responses
- Pervasive pattern of - Suddenly demands intense relationships with others
unstable mood, - “Splitting phenomena” (perceive people either “all
interpersonal good” or “all bad”)
relationships, impulse - Inappropriate recurrence of distress/ pain and rage/
control and self image hostility in relationships
- Confused about his “identity”, confuse of “who” he
is
- Does almost anything to hold onto a relationship
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
HISTRIONIC AND
NARCISSISTIC - Very dramatic expression of self Greater
- Excessive display of - “actor”, displays theatrical properties or puts in
emotion and eccentricity on a “show” females
- Perceived by others as: - Attention-getting or center of attention
selfish - Shows effects on others rather than express
egotistical own feelings
unstable - Excessive concern with own appearance
unreliable - Flirtation and seduction
- Demands reassurance, praise and approval
of others
- Furious of rejection
- Wants immediate gratification
- Overacts to minor provocations
- Exaggerates weeping or fainting
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
Differential Diagnosis
- Histrionic
- Borderline
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS PREDILECTION
Specific Phobia (Simple Phobia) - Marked with persistent fear cued by the Starts during Sex ratio First peak in
- Characterized by clinically presence of or anticipation of object or childhood but varies childhood
significant anxiety provoked by situation hardly across and second
exposure to specific feared - Panic attack or anxiety response due to recognized types of one is in mid
objects or situations, often exposure to phobic stimulus because fears specific 20s
leading to avoidance behavior - Assured that the fear is excessive and are common phobia of
- Subtypes: unreasonable among any type;
animal type - Phobic situation usually avoided or children are
nature environmental type endured intense anxiety or distress common
blood-injection-injury type - Avoidance, anxious anticipation or among
situational type distress in the feared situation disrupts females
everyday routine whether personal
academic or occupational
Social Phobia (Social Anxiety - Marked with persistent fear of social Typical onset Greater in Lifetime
Disorder) performance in which embarrassment in mid-teens females prevalence of
- Clinically significant anxiety may occur however onset social phobia
provoked by exposure to certain - Exposure to the social or performance during was found
types of social or performance invariability provokes anxiety childhood and out to 3.3%
situation, often leading to avoidance adulthood has of the
behavior already been population
reported
PREDILECTION
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AGE SEX DURATION
⁻ The person recognizes that the
fear is unreasonable
⁻ The avoidance of social or
performance situations interferes
markedly with the person’s daily
routine, occupational functioning
⁻ If the person is below 18 years old,
the symptoms must have
persisted at least 6 months
⁻ The fear or avoidance of
performance situation is not due
to another mental disorder
Generalized Anxiety - Excessive anxiety and worry occurring more Onset in Frequent One year
Disorder days than not for at least 6 months about a childhood or in prevalence
number of events or activities adolescence women rate is 3%
- Find difficulty to control worry accompanied by although it than and lifetime
at least 3 additional symptoms from may occur men prevalence
restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty after age 20 is 5% of the
concentrating, irritability, muscle tension and sample
disturbed sleep
- For children only among those listed is required
- Not due to other psychological disorders nor to
medications
- Disorder cause impairment on areas
functioning
PSYCHOSEXUAL DISORDERS
PREDILECTION
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AGE SEX DURATION
PARAPHILIAS
- Paras “deviation” Across or Greater
- Philia “attraction” throughout in males
adulthood
- Recurrent intense sexual stage
urges on objects with
humiliation desire and on
nonconsenting person
- Types
Exhibitionism - Intense sexual urges and arousal
(indecent exposure) fantasies involving the exposure of
genitals to strangers
- Aroused by sight of shock or fear on the
onlooker
- Feels brief period of excitation from
disgust, shame, and embarassment
PREDILECTION
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AGE SEX DURATION
Fetishism - Recurrent strong sexual attraction to
objects (underwear, stockings, shoes, and
boots, etc.)
- “partialism”
interested only in sexual satisfaction from
a particular part of another person’s body
- Sexually excited:
fondling or wearing the object
smelling
rubbing against it
having partner wear it during sexual act
- Bizarre behavior
sucking the object
burning the object
rolling in the object
cutting the object into pieces
- Enjoys masturbating on the object more
than intercourse
PREDILECTION
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AGE SEX DURATION
Frotteurism - “frottages”
masturbating by rubbing against or
fondling on the person
- Focuses not only on consenting partners
but strangers; usually seeks out crowded
places
GENERAL IDENTITY
DISORDERS
- Individual against assigned sex
and gender identity
- Persistent identification with
the opposite gender
Throughout Greater
- Transexualism - Changes gender identity through adolescence and in males
surgical intervention middle adulthood
Pyromania
- Compulsive fascination and - Tension before setting fire
urge to set fires deliberately - Intense feeling of pleasure,
gratification or relief in setting fire
- Sexual arousal (paraphilic and
fetishistic)
PREDILECTION
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AGE SEX DURATION
PREDILECTION
DISORDER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
AGE SEX DURATION