BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 23
Circulation

Modules 23.1 – 23.3

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation?

• As with all land animals, the giraffe and the

corn snake are constantly subject to the force of
gravity

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• The circulatory system
keeps blood pumping
despite gravity’s pull

– Muscle contractions help

blood travel uphill in the
veins of a giraffe’s long
legs
– The wriggling of the corn
snake squeezes its veins
and increases circulation

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 • Most animals have a circulatory system
– It transports O2 and nutrients to cells

– It takes away CO2 and other wastes

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23.1 The circulatory system associates intimately
with all body tissues

• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels

– They form an intricate network among the tissue
cells

Capillary

Red
blood
cell

Figure 23.1A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 – No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave
a cell

Capillary

Diffusion of
INTERSTITIAL molecules
FLUID

Tissue
cell

Figure 23.1B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT
23.2 Several types of internal transport have
evolved in animals

• In cnidarians and
flatworms, the
gastrovascular cavity
functions in both
– digestion

– internal transport Mouth

Circular
canal

Figure 23.2A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 • Most animals have a separate circulatory
system, either open or closed
• Open systems
– A heart pumps blood through open-ended
vessels into spaces between cells

Tubular heart
Pores

Figure 23.2B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 • Closed systems
– A heart pumps blood through arteries and
capillary beds
– The blood returns to the heart via veins

Capillary beds
Arteriole

Artery
(O2-rich blood)

Venule

Vein

Atrium
Heart
Artery Ventricle
Gill
(O2-poor blood) Figure 23.2C
capillaries

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

23.3 Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect
evolution
Gill capillaries

• A fish has a single

circuit of blood flow

Heart:

Ventricle (V)

Atrium (A)

Systemic capillaries
Figure 23.3A
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 • The cardiovascular system of land vertebrates
has two circuits
Lung capillaries

• The pulmonary circuit

– conveys blood between PULMONARY

the heart and gas- CIRCUIT

exchange tissues
A A

• The systemic circuit V V

Right Left

– carries blood between SYSTEMIC

CIRCUIT

the heart and the rest

of the body
Systemic capillaries Figure 23.3B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings