Applications of Biotechnology

Branches and Colors

 goals
• Identify the different branches and colors of
biotechnology
• Cite application of each branches and colors of
biotechnology
• Recognize the impact of each branches and
colors of biotechnology
 Red Biotechnology
Bio-pharmaceutical
• process that utilizes organisms to improve health care
and help the body to fight diseases
• utilized in the field of medicine
• not only limited to the pharmaceutical industry but
also to the medical sector as it facilitates the alleviation
of human suffering and enhances the quality of life
• use in clinical research and trials, gene therapy and in
diagnostic of the gene, genetic engineering,
production, and development of various medicines to
treat different life-threatening diseases
• useful in the fields of cancer research, veterinary,
production of biochips and so on
 Application
• Producing vaccines and antibiotics
• Developing new drugs
• Molecular diagnostics techniques
• Regenerative therapies
• Development of genetic engineering
 Future
3D-printing is now boosting another revolution-3D-
printing in biomedicine. 3D-bioprinting represents the
future of the Red-Biotech.
• This technology will be able to build organs using
biocompatible materials and human cells.
• This will replace the allograft transplants, eliminating
waiting lists that often make the difference between
life and death.
• This will also replace animal tests and provide more
predictive, less expensive experimental models. The
high innovation content of this technology can make
the difference between being out of date and new.
 White Biotechnology
Industrial Biotechnology
• uses microorganisms and enzymes to produce
goods for industry, including chemicals,
plastics, food, agricultural and pharmaceutical
products and energy carriers
• renewable raw materials and increasingly also
waste from agriculture and forestry are used
for the manufacture of industrial goods
• microorganisms and their enzymes are the
major drivers of industrial biotechnology
 Application
• Everyday examples include the production of
bread, yoghurt and vinegar using
microorganisms and the use of enzymes in
detergents.
• used for the production of food supplements
such as vitamin B2, biobased plastics such as
polylactic acid and energy carriers such as
biogas and bioethanol
1. Metabolite Production
• Microorganisms produce different metabolites during their growth stages by using
cheap substrates. Acetone-butanol, Organic acids Alcohol. Antibiotics, Enzymes,
and Vitamins can be produced.
2. Waste Treatment
• Reducing pollution by proper waste treatment is in-fact the best waste treatment is
among the major goal of white biotechnology.
3. Production of Biocontrol Agents
• Microorganisms are used to control insect pests, pathogens, and weed. The
biological agents used for this purpose are called biocontrol agents.
4. Bio-Based Fuel & Energy
• Cellulose enzyme technology benefits the conversion of crop residues to ethanol.
The techniques also allow reduced CO2 emissions by 90% (compared to oil).
Further, it produces greater domestic energy and uses renewable feedstock.
5. Recovery of Metals
• Microbes are employed to recover valuable metals from the metals of a low grade
for which the conventional metallurgical processes are polluting.
 Major Purpose of White
Biotechnology
• production of biodegradable plastics
• improved characteristics and is
environmentally friendly
• reduce the modifying lignin structure or its
amount in trees
• make ethanol as a substitute for gasoline
 Future
• White biotechnology can someday replace a major
portion of natural oil with all micro-organisms
products. The non-degradable paper and plastic use
can be minimized to a great extent and replaced by the
bio-degradable one. And who knows, every
department stores could sell clothes can be made from
plants by-products?
• White biotechnology has large benefits- both
economically and environmentally. But that needs a
wide range of applications. The increasingly growing
concerns about the nature and the possibility of
cheaper fuel in the future make white biotechnology a
serious contender.
 Green Biotechnology
agricultural and environmental biotechnology
• deals with the use of environmentally friendly
solutions as an alternative to traditional
agricultural, horticulture and animal breeding
process
• agricultural biotechnology involves the use of
scientific tools and techniques to develop the
agricultural sector
• environmental biotechnology focuses on using
microorganisms to prevent, reduce and treat
environmental pollution
 Application
• agricultural applications of green biotechnology is
the use of genetically altered plants or animals,
development of transgenic plants, genetic
engineering of plants, manipulation and use of
microorganisms to facilitate crop growth,
producing fertile and resistant seeds
• ecological applications include bioremediation,
development of biofuels and biofertilizers,
applications in geomicrobiology, microbial
ecology, solid waste management, wastewater
treatment
 Tools and Applications of Green
Biotechnology in Agriculture
use of biological processes and technologies to
produce more fertile and resistant plants and
ensures the promotion of biofertilizers and
biopesticides
• Tissue Culture and Micropropagation
• Crop Modification
• Improved Nutritional Contents
• Improved Agronomic Traits
Tools and Applications of Green Biotechnology
in Environmental Biotechnology
principal aim of this field is to manufacture
products in environmentally harmonious ways
that allow for the minimization of harmful
solids, liquids or gaseous output, and the
cleaning of residual effects of earlier human
occupation
• Bioremediation
• Bioenergy and Biofuel
• Biofertilizers
 In conclusion
• Agricultural biotechnology is securing global food
production through its various tools and it is
enhancing the food products with nutritional
benefits.
• Environmental biotechnology is securing global
ecological health with natural life forms.
• Green Biotechnology is therefore expected to
bring green revolution through agricultural
development while safeguarding the natural
environmental health concomitantly.
 Blue Biotechnology
aquaculture, coastal and marine biotech
• exploits the diversity found in marine environments
including the form, structure, physiology, and chemistry of
marine animals
• makes use of marine bioresources as the source of
biological applications
• application of molecular biological methods to marine and
freshwater organisms
• associated with applications such as preservation of a
variety of marine species, restoring the aquatic wildlife to
its original state of habitat, use of marine species to
develop new medicines genetic study of plants to engineer
other plants to become resistant to environmental
extremes
 Application
• Food Supply
• Alternative Energy Source
• Human and Environmental Health
• Industrial Biotechnology
• Transgenic fish
 In conclusion
• Blue biotechnology is much on the rise to protect and
revive the natural marine ecosystem.
• The richness of marine biodiversity and genetic
diversity have provided with potential biotechnological
applications related to bio-prospecting, drug discovery,
environmental remediation, increasing seafood supply
and safety, and developing new resources and
industrial process.
• Blue economy is largely enhanced by blue
biotechnology since exploitation and preservation of
the marine ecosystem is primarily in the hands of
biotechnology
 Yellow Biotechnology
Insect Biotechnology

• use of bio-engineering to make food better

• modern agriculture branch related to food
production where active genes in insects are
used for application in agriculture and
medicine
 Aims
• Minimizing environmental exploitation from
meat production
• Modification of plant toxins
• Extracting useful insects products
 The On-Going Applications of Yellow
Biotechnology
• Research on Insects To Study Their Gene
Functions
• Vitro Cell Culture Technology For Making
Bovine Muscle Tissue
• Switch DNA Sequences of Plant Toxin Named
Nicotine Using RNAi Technology
 Future
• Imagine sustainable and cheap hamburger on your
table, without the costs to the environment or animals
(A vegetarian Hamburger?).
• Or a plant toxin that could actually do good to your
health.
• Yellow Biotechnology someday aims to apply
biotechnological methods for exploiting insect-derived
molecules, cells, organs – as products for using it in the
fields of medicine, plant protection or manufacturing.
Who knows, we find start raising genetically modified
insects for drugs and therapy someday?
 Grey Biotechnology
• refers to balancing the environmental by
removal of contaminants using
microorganisms and also plants for disposal of
different substances
• deals with the protection of fauna and flora
from human activities using bio-remedial
technology to remove pollutants and various
other methods
 Grey Biotechnology Includes
• Pollution control using microorganisms
• Human waste disposal
• Protect Flora and Fauna from pollution
• Waste management using microorganisms
 Applications of Grey Biotechnology
• Fungal species as Aureobasidium pullulans
and Fusarium solani sp. degrade
Polyurethane. Further, the scientist could
successfully isolate a PUR degrading enzyme
from Pseudomonas chlororaphis. It was
discovered that bacterium Pseudomonas
putida degrades Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and
actinomycete Rhodococcus rubber degrades
polystyrene.
• In 2016, a team from Japan tested various bacteria
from a bottle recycling plant. They found that the
bacteria named Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6 can digest
the plastic which is used to make single-use drinks
bottles. The component used in plastic named
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is digested by
secreting an enzyme (a protein that speeds chemical
reactions) known as PETase. PETase splits some
chemical bonds (esters) in PET to convert it in the
smaller molecules. The bacterial then using the carbon
in it as a food source.As compared to other bacteria,
Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6’s enzyme has evolved
specifically for doing the job faster and more efficient.
• Almost all of the developed countries and most
of the developing countries use micro-organism
for human waste management. The majority of
oxidative sewage treatment technique relies on
the use of a large range of microorganisms to
oxidize the organic constituents that are not
amenable to sedimentation or
flotation. Anaerobic microorganisms are used to
minimize sludge solids with the production of
gases (methane gas in highest amount) and
a sterile mineralized residue.
• Bacteria can be utilized for the degradation of
solid kitchen waste as organic manure or
compost. Specific bacteria namely Bacillus sp.,
Pseudomonas a Xanthomonas spp., sp. does the
fastest degradation in 15% molasses treatment.
Such decomposed garbage can be used as organic
manure for the agricultural field. Many
researchers have concluded that useful bacteria
can be isolated from the surrounding for friendly
bioconversion of solid organic waste.
 Future
• Plastic eating bacterial represents the future
of Grey biotechnology. If it could be possible,
we could still be using the plastic products for
another century without adding the pile in
dumping sites. Along with the disposal of
waste, it is important to make the use of
energy that micro-organism produces during
the action for industries process.
 Gold Biotechnology
• it’s main areas include Bioinformatics,
Nanotechnology and Computational Biology/
Systems Biology
 Bioinformatics
• the application and development of
computational tools such as software in order
to understand the large complex sets of data
generated by the different biological functions
 The Future of Bioinformatics
• As the demand for nucleotide and amino acid
sequences increase, the need for the application
of bioinformatics will increase do to the need for
an understanding of possible function and
application of these sequences. Through a lack of
integration between the different database types
as well as the lack of software tools to start
utilizing all these databases, a driving force has
been created by both those developing the
software as well as those researching and
sequencing in order to overcome these problems
• To add momentum to the movement, a need
for the discovery of novel genes as well as
their enzymes in order to produce new and
useful products has sped the need for
research, sequencing and analysis of species
and their genomes. It was estimated in 2016
by Markets and Markets that the
bioinformatic field would reach a minimum
worth of $16 billion by the start of 2021,
worldwide
 Nanotechnology
• a novel scientific field and involves the
research and application of science,
engineering and technology on a nano, atomic
or supramolecular scale – usually 0.1-100 nm
• involves the study of the individual molecules,
where their structure and interactions as well
as their relation to the bulk macroscopic
properties becomes relevant
 Applications of Nanotechnology
• In the medical and physiological fields,
nanotechnologies are designed to work with a
high specificity in cells and tissues, on a
molecular (sub-cellular) level enabling a new
degree of interaction between the biological,
chemical, physical and technological fields.
• By manipulating drugs and other materials on a
nano scale one could could enhance their
bioactivity making them more effective than
what they would normally be
• In the computer science field, one of the main areas of
research is to improve the speed and performance of
the devices at hand. One of the main things that
control these aspects are the transistors within the
device. Today most transistors are made of silicon,
however due to certain limitations the need for
cheaper and more effective compounds are needed.
The solution to this problem is nanotechnology and the
production of carbon nanotubes. Not only will the
electronic devices performance and speed improve,
but the nanotubes will cost less to produce and will
reduce the amount of energy consumed
 Nanoinformatics
• involves the implementation of both
bioinformatics and nanotechnology
• related to the research and determination of
which information is relevant to nanoscience
and nanoengineering
 Brown Biotechnology
Arid Zone and Desert Biotechnology

• branch of biotechnology that is related to the

management of arid lands and deserts
• technology aims at making a beneficial impact
by using improved disease-free high-quality
seeds and makes the rational use of water in
low-rainfall areas
• It targets to develop the crop that could stand the
extreme climate of the arid region and grows well
• combines nature with technology for the treatment of
arid and desert soils with the species that are highly
resistant to dry and saline soils
• focuses creation of enhanced seeds to resist extreme
environment of arid regions in relation to the
innovation, creation of new agriculture methods and
management of resources
• using the micro-organism and other livestock animals
that can be useful in an arid region
 It Includes
• Use of GMO technology for making improved
seeds;
• Develop best post-harvest preservation
technology for the arid region
• Development of saline agriculture and
aquaculture
• Developing Cross-breed high yielding livestock
for arid region
Applications of Brown Biotechnology
• Developments of genomic resources in SAT crops have
made the “orpan” crops the ‘genomic resource-rich’
one. With next-generation sequencing several
quantitative trait loci have been identified targeting the
introgression into elite lines, using MABC. By this
technique, they have discovered drought tolerance,
resistance to fusarium wilt and ascochyta blight in
chickpea along with rust in peanut.
• ICRISAT- International Crops Research Institute for
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) released the downy mildew
resistant pearl millet named ‘HHB 67 Improved’ as the
first public-bred product of DNA-marker-assisted.
• Around 300 improved cultivars of the plant have been
released among the mandate crops ( chickpea, groundnut,
pigeonpea, millet, and sorghum) for the arid regions.
• Swedish architecture student, Magnus Larson, recently did an
experiment that can be practically implemented. His work on
the concept of stopping the spread of the Sahara desert by
using Bacillus pasteurii bacteria. This bacteria excretes calcium
carbonate and gluing substances and are able to set the dunes
like a block of concrete after twenty-four hours. Bacillus
pasteurii can construct a wall of 6,000km between Djibouti
and Mauritania. He suggested the possibility of forming a wall
from the existing sand dunes trough covering the dunes with
these bacteria that are commonly found in wetlands
regions. Bacillus pasteurii are non-patogenic bacteria that die
in the process of solidifying the sand.
 The Future of Brown Biotechnology
• While the world is making an immensely
impressive technology improvement and
scientific discoveries, the arid regions are still
struggling for the food. Brown biotechnology
thus aims to uplift their economic and social
status and make them match the pace of the
rest of the world.
• The future of Brown biotechnology relay on
GMO for the highest yielding crop with
minimum water requirement. Making the use
of micro-organism extract as a substitute for
nutrient and water in such region is other
possible development. Further, food
preservation in such a high-temperature with
low cost is something Brown biotechnology
would be working in the future.
 Violet Biotechnology
• is related to publication, invention, IPRs, and
patents of biotechnology
• devoted in regulation and solving the
problems on above mention issued and
formation of a platform for discussion
• While all other forms of biotechnology aim at
increasing the number of inventions, violet
biotechnology maintains them in a rightful
manner
 Violet Biotechnology Includes
• Encouraging new biotechnology invention
• Analysis and Publication of biotech research
• Patent right in biotechnology invention
• Ensure Intellectual Property Rights
 Application of Violet Biotechnology
• Bodies such as the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the World
Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) have
conducted separate studies about intellectual
biotechnology property. WIPO is a permanent body of
UN who is responsible for international cooperation in
intellectual property. Their finding has been used to
produce various reports for making governments
aware of the potential issues and to offer some
suggested solutions. Providing intellectual property
protection for biotech is a controversial issue and, it is
likely that in the initial short term improvements will
be at a national and regional level.
• In the mid-1960s a few countries as Germany,
the USA gave any IPRs to plant varieties. This
made plant breeding industries to make
pressure on their country due to which 10
western European countries made a
diplomatic process in the early-1960s. These
events eventually culminated to protect the
International Union for Protection of New
Varieties of Plants (UPOV). The UPOV
Convention was signed in 1961.
• Criteria to apply for the patent right has been
established under Violent biotechnology. In
the US when inventor applies for the right,
they need to fulfill five elements for
patentability -matter eligibility, have novelty,
have utility, be non-obvious, and not have
been previously disclosed. In Europe, to be
eligible for the patent right, “it must be new,
industrially applicable and involve an inventive
step.”
 Future of Violet Biotechnology
• With the increasing number of discoveries and invention
with passing time, the complications regarding violent
biotechnology will increase. Violet biotechnology will be
able to maintain all ever made fairly.
• It’s future relays on an international agreement where all
the countries turn up in a common platform regarding the
rule on the patent right of biotechnology invention. The
platform for proper analysis and publication is to be
maintained while the necessary reorganization for the
rightful invention should be provided. Or else, the useful
invention that could possibly change the history would be
only resting in some paper and records.