REPAIR/REHABILITATION & RETROFIT OF

NON-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS

Basic Requirements for Seismic Resistance of

Buildings :- The different parts of a Building
should be tied together so that the building acts as
one unit under seismic forces. The essential
9/20/20139/20/2013features for resisting forces are
as follows:
i) The building should be tied to its foundation
ii) Horizontal bands of reinforcement are to be
provided at plinth level ( plinth band); sill level (Sill
band); Lintel level ( Lintel band) & roof level (roof
bend). Vertical reinforcing are to be provided at
the corners of the building, junctions of walls &
around the opening in walls.
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 Basic Requirements for Seismic
Resistance of Buildings (Contd)
iii) There should be horizontal bracing ( bracing
in plan) at the roof level for sloping roofs.
iv) The opening should be small & away from
the corners of the walls.
The sill band is discontinuous at the door
openings. Hence it is to be integrated with
the vertical bands. Roof band is required
when roof is sloping & made of flexible
materials, such as tiles on purlins & rafters.
The roof band is not necessary, when the
roof is made of flat concrete slabs.
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 REPAIR MATERIALS
Grouts:- Grout is a mixture of water, cement &
optional materials like sand, water reducing
admixtures, expansion agent & pozzolans.
The water to cement ratio is around 0.5. Fine
sand is used to avoid segregation. The
desirable properties of Grout are as follows:
Fluidity; Minimum segregation; Low
shrinkage; Adequate strength after
hardening; Good bond with substrate; No
detrimental compound & Durable.
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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Epoxy Resins:- Epoxy resins are used for the following
purposes:-
i) To bond plastic concrete to a hardened concrete
surface
ii) To bond two rigid materials
iii) For patch work
iv) For applying a coat over concrete surface to give
colour, resistance to penetration of water &
chemicals & resistance to abrasion.
Epoxy resins are excellent binding agents. The low
viscosity resins can be injected into small cracks.
The higher viscosity resins are used as coating &
for filling larger openings or holes.

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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Epoxy Mortar:- The epoxy mortar is made
using epoxy resin, sand, cement & water.
The resin is added as an additional binder.
It has high compressive strength, high
tensile strength & low modulus of
elasticity. The polymer particles join &
form chain link reinforcement, increasing
the tensile strength of the mortar. There is
greater plasticity & reduction in shrinkage
stress.
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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Quick Setting Cement Mortars:- These are
patented mortars generally having to
components & are sold in a pre-packed
state. These may be classified as
follows:
i) Un-modified cementitious
ii) Polyster or epoxy resin based
iii) Polymer modified
iv) Cement/Pozzolanic modified.
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 SHOTCRETE
• Shotcrete is a method in which compressed air,
forces mortar or concrete through a nozzle to be
sprayed on a surface of building component, such
as a wall, at a high velocity. The materials used in
shotcrete are generally same as those used for
conventional concrete. The reinforcement provided
is welded wire fabric or deformed bars tacked on the
existing surface. It is applied either wet or dry
process. In wet mix cement & aggregate premixed
with water & pump pushes the mixture through the
hose & a nozzole. In dry mix process, compressed
air propels premixed mortar & damp aggregate, & at
the nozzole end, water is added through a separate
hose.

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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Micro-concrete:- Based on hydraulic
shrinkage binders, these ready-made
formulations are tailored to produce
concrete which is flowable & free of
shrinkage. They are applied in
complicated locations & in thin sections
such as concrete jackets.

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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Fibre-reinforced Concrete: It has better
tensile strength as compared to
conventional concrete. They also have
improved ductility ( energy absorption
capacity) & durability. They are being
increasingly used for structural
strengthening.

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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Fibre-reinforced Polymers:- FRP composites
are made up of a polymer matrix & fibres.
The fibre can be of glass, carbon or
aramid. They possess high strength-to-
weight ratios, high fatique strength, high
wear resistance, vibration absorption
capacity, dimensional stability, high
thermal & chemical stability & corrosion
resistance. FRP wraps can be used to
strengthen structural members.
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 REPAIR MATERIALS( Contd)
Ferro-cement: It is constructed of cement
mortar reinforced with closely spaced
layers of small diameter wire mesh. The
mesh may be made of steel or other
suitable material. The mortar should be
compatible with opening size & weight of
the mesh. The mortar may contain
discontinuous fibres.

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