P.R.I.IN.

PEOPLE READINESS IN (FIRST AID)

INTERVENTION

MODULE 10 – Summary of Basic Courses

Aim: to train the first aid team members.

Objectives:

- To enable attendees perform basic medical evaluation – primary

assessment.
- To enable attendees recognize life threatening conditions and
provide basic life saving interventions to suddenly sick or injured
person.
- To enable attendees assist medical personnel on scene of
emergency, particularly if there are multiple casualties on the scene.
- It does not cover prescription and administration of any medicines.

P.R.I.I.N Scope and Objective

 FIRST AID is the initial care of
a suddenly sick or injured
person before the arrival of
qualified medical personnel.

 Although first aid is a

complex knowledge, it can be
delivered by lay people.

First Aid
 To save LIFE, LIMB or ORGAN of
a casualty / suddenly ill person

 To prevent / minimize
complications of injury / illness.

 To promote prompt recovery of

injured / suddenly ill person.

Aims of First Aid

 Your safety is your FIRST PRIORITY!

 Look up – look down – look left – look

right – look in front of you – make sure
the place is SAFE FOR YOU!

 DO NOT ENTER hazardous areas until

hazard is eliminated! Samples of potential
hazard on the scene: exposed electrical
wiring, intensive traffic, chemical spills,
collapsing constructions, fire / open
flames, risk of explosion, etc.

Scene Safety
 If NO response, CALL FOR HELP
immediately.

 Shout, use your mobile

phone/hand radio, ask bystanders
to call emergency services.

 Activate your local emergency

protocol.

CPR-Check Response
 OPEN airways: use “HEAD TILT –
CHIN LIFT”.

 Place one your hand on patient’s

forehead – gently TILT head
back.

 Place fingertips of your other

hand under the patient’s chin
and LIFT his chin.

CPR-Open Airways
CPR-Open Airways
  CHECK breathing (take
at least 5 sec, but no
more than 10 sec):
 LOOK – if you can see
patient’s chest moving
up and down.
 LISTEN – if you can hear
exhaled air.
 FEEL – if you can feel
exhaled air on your
cheek.
 DO NOT spend more
than 10 seconds.

CPR-Check for Breathing

  If patient does not breathe
normally – start CHEST
COMPRESSIONS.

 Patient must be in supine

position (flat on his / her back)
on a hard flat surface.

 Take your position next to the

patient.

 Expose patient’s chest

CPR-Chest Compressions
 Provide 2 slow rescue breaths 1 sec
each, allowing pause between breaths

Mouth to Mouth breath:

 Keep patient’s airways OPEN.

 Pinch patient’s nose, open patient’s

mouth.

CPR-Rescue Breath
  Continue CPR at 30:2 Ratio

30 2

CPR-Compression Breath Ratio

 When to put a patient in
recovery position?

 No response;
 Normal breathing;
 Regular heart beat;
 No spinal injury.

Before turning the casualty,

remove glasses, wallet, and
any hard, sharp or bulky
objects from his pockets.

CPR-Recovery Position
Choking-Universal Choking Sign
Choking-Abdominal Thrust Technique
 Capillary Bleeding  Venous Bleeding  Arterial Bleeding

Bleeding - Types of Bleeding

  Before you attempt to control bleeding –
always remember about BLOOD BORN
INFECTIONS!
 Protect yourself from blood – have PPE
on!
 Take care of your hands hygiene – wash
your hands before dealing with wounds.
 If patient responsive – have him seated
or lay him flat on his back.
 Remember, ABC principles are
applicable for severe bleeding!

Bleeding - First Aid in Bleeding

  If there are NO embedded
foreign objects in wound
– APPLY DIRECT
PRESSURE through
sterile bandage. Use non-
fluffy material to cover
bleeding wound.
 You can ask patient to
assist you to apply
DIRECT PRESSURE.

Bleeding-Direct Pressure
 If applying direct pressure does
not stop the bleeding, ELEVATE
the bleeding extremity.

Bleeding-Elevation
 Once the bleeding stops, the
wound shall be covered and
dressed.

 Cover wound with sterile

dressing. Dressing pad
should be larger than the
wound.

 Apply bandage with enough

pressure, but not too tight
not to impair circulation.

Bleeding-Wound Dressing
  DO NOT APPLY DIRECT
PRESSURE on wound with
embedded object –
pressure must be applied
around object – on the
edge of wound.

 Do not press over the

object in the wound –
secure it with pads

Bleeding-Embedded Object
 If bleeding control is not effective –
apply TOURNIQUET.

 You can use commercial or

improvised tourniquet.

 Improvised tourniquet might be

done of triangular bandage, sleeve
of coverall, waist belt, etc.

Bleeding-Tourniquet
INITIALL STAGE:
 Rapid pulse
 Pale, cold, clammy skin, sweating.
AS SHOCK DEVELOPS:
 Grey-blue skin, especially inside the lips. A fingernail or earlobe, if
pressed, will not regain its color immediately.
 Weakness or dizziness.
 Nausea and possibly vomiting.
 Thirst.
 Rapid shallow breathing.
 A weak pulse. When the pulse at the wrist disappears = ½ of blood
volume is lost.

Shock - Symptoms of Shock

SEVERE SHOCK:
 As the brain’s oxygen supply progressively worsens →
 Restlessness and aggressiveness
 Yawning or gasping for air
 Unresponsiveness

HEART AND BREATING STOP

DEATH

Shock - Symptoms of Shock

 Help casualty to lie down.
 Activate emergency protocol immediately.
 Rise and support legs of casualty as high as possible – it will improve
circulation of blood into brain.
 Undo everything that constricts casualty‘s neck, chest and waist.
 Keep casualty warm.
 Monitor casualty’s ABC constantly.
 Control bleeding = apply <C>ABC protocol whenever applicable.
 If required – begin CPR.
 Wait for the arrival of qualified medical help or rapid transportation of
casualty to hospital.

Shock - First Aid in Shock

  Help patient to lay
down.
 Elevate legs above
heart level.

Shock - First Aid in Shock

  Warm up the patient
and closely monitor
him/her keeping track
on ABC

Shock - First Aid in Shock

When examining extremity – check “DOTS”: Deformities,
Open wounds, Tenderness, Swelling.

Bone and Joint Injuries - First Aid

BEWARE OF: “fancy looking”
extremity, wounds, pain,
swelling of soft tissues,
bleeding.
 Feel the pulse BELOW
location of fracture.
 Sensitivity of extremity
BELOW injury – gently
squeeze or press skin on
extremity below suspected
fracture.
Ask if the patient can move
fingers on affected extremity

Bone and Joint Injuries - First Aid

 Always remember ABC and Control of BLEEDING.

 Look for signs of severe BLEEDING and SHOCK.

 Move the casualty as less as possible.

 Remove all constricting objects (rings, watches, laces, and

clothing).

 Immobilize the affected area. Use plenty of soft padding to

comfort injured extremity.

 Apply an ice bag (not on an open wound).

Bone and Joint Injuries - First Aid

 Do NOT’s
 DO NOT move casualty unless it is absolutely
necessary..

 DO NOT try to bring endings of bones together.

 DO NOT touch wound with hands.

 DO NOT apply bandages tightly.

Bone and Joint Injuries - First Aid

 DO’s

 ALWAYS REMEMBER ABC!!!

 Treat wounds – cover wounds with sterile / clean
dressing. Control bleeding.
 Apply cold pack on the injured place (for closed fractures
only)
 Immobilize extremity – apply SPLINTS.
 Minimize movements in injured extremity.
 Use lots of soft pads to comfort injured extremity

Bone and Joint Injuries - First Aid

Bone and Joint Injuries - Splinting
 The signs can appear much later after the trauma
event occurred!!!

 Nausea, vomiting.
 Dizziness.
 Severe headache.
 Slurred speech.
 Blurred vision.
 Deformation of spine (visual).
 Motor dysfunctions.
 Pain in back.
 Impairment of consciousness.
 Bleeding from nose or ear.
 Transparent liquid from nose or ear.
 “Black eyes”, “raccoon eyes”

Spinal Injury-Signs and Symptoms

 Make sure – YOU ARE SAFE – your safety is your first priority!!!
 Make sure by-standers are safe.
 Make sure victim is safe.
 DO NOT move victim unless it is absolutely necessary!

 DO NOT let anybody move victim unless it is absolutely necessary!

 DO NOT let victim move unless it is absolutely necessary!

 CALL FOR HELP IMMEDIATELY! – ALWAYS: more than one aider is required to
manage victim with spinal injury safely!

 DO NOT leave victim unattended

First Aid in Spinal Injury

 CPR in suspected spinal injury- In
victims suspicious for spinal injury use
“TRAUMA JAW THRUST” instead of
“Chin lift – Head tilt” – you DO NOT
extend victim’s neck.

 Monitor ABC – if necessary – begin

CPR.

 Look for signs of major external

bleeding. If necessary – control
BLEEDING.

First Aid in Spinal Injury

  DO NOT touch wound!
 DO NOT remove

If you see bleeding on a foreign bodies or

skull bonny parts from
+
wound.
Fracture to skull with bonny
parts inside the wound  DO NOT apply direct
pressure on wound.
 DO NOT wash wound.

First Aid in Spinal Injury

Spinal Injury - Immobilization
Spinal Injury - Immobilization
The degree of burn depends on:
 the amount of heat
(temperature and time).
 Quality of the heat (the
type of transmission of the
heat).
 Internal factors (tissue
type,and its capacity to
adapt itself to temperature
changes).
 External factors (humidity,
air circulation, external FIRST DEGREE SECOND THIRD DEGREE
BURN DEGREE BURN BURN
temperature).

Burns - Degree of Burn

“Rule of 9”:

 9% head and neck

 18% front

 18% back

 9% upper extremity

 18% lower extremity

 1% genitals and perineum

Burns – Rule of 9’s

 Make sure – YOU ARE SAFE – your
safety is your first priority!!!
 Make sure by-standers are safe.
 DO NOT puncture blisters!
 DO NOT USE CREAMS OR OTHER
SUBSTANCES TO COVER FRESH
BURNS
 REMOVE all jewellery, particularly
rings.
 DO NOT touch burn surface with
your hands
 DO NOT use fluffy (cotton-wool like)
dressings for burn surface

First Aid in Burns

 Have gloves on.
 Remove (cut off) the clothing
around wound, remove smouldering
dressing to prevent deeper injury.
 DO NOT try to remove any
materials which adhered to the
burned surface.
 Release all tight items on patient –
belts, shirt buttons, ties, etc.

First Aid in Burns

 Use water to cool burned
surface.
 If burned area is LARGE – be
careful as over-cooling is
DANGEROUS for casualty

First Aid in Burns

 Cover burn surface with clean /
sterile burn dressing or burn bag.

 Do not use non-sterile materials or

cotton wool to cover burn wounds.

First Aid in Burns

 Remember – YOUR SAFETY IS YOUR FIRST PRIORITY!
 Always remember to check ABC!
 Use RUNNING WATER to wash chemical away off the surface for 20-30
minutes!
 DO NOT blow chemical off the surface.
 If the chemical is POWDER – BRUSH it off from surface first.
 Cover burned surface with sterile dressing.
 Rapid transportation of casualty to medical professional.

First Aid in Chemical Burns

BRUSH AWAY POWDERED WASH AWAY REMAINING
CHEMICAL POWDER

First Aid in Chemical Burns

If case the chemical affects the eye:

Healthy eye up
Wash affected eye with plenty of WATER
so that flashing water cannot run into
healthy eye.

Injured eye down

First Aid in Chemical Burns

 DO NOT USE CREAMS OR OTHER SUBSTANCES TO COVER
FRESH BURNS

 DO NOT USE ANTIDOTES – USE PLENTY OF WATER TO WASH

BURN AREA.

 DO NOT touch burn surface with your hands.

 DO NOT wash chemical burns in buckets, basin, etc.

 Do not use fluffy (cotton-wool like) dressing for burn surface.

First Aid in Chemical Burns

Remember – your safety is first priority!

DO NOT attempt to approach a victim if

high voltage has not been interrupted.

DO NOT touch victim if he is in contact

with live current! Cut the current first!

Use dielectric materials to insulate

yourself (a pile of newspapers, book, etc);
use them only to remove wiring!

First Aid in Electrocution

Electrocution can be fatal as the electric current
affects internal organs and can cause stoppage
of the heart.

Always check ABC! If necessary – start CPR!

Treat electrical burns as thermal burns.

Treat other injuries.

Rapid transportation of victim to HOSPITAL!!!

All casualties must be seen by a health

professional!

First Aid in Electrocution

With a stretcher: It is the preferred method for transfer of casualty whenever
available and the conditions allow its use.

Without a stretcher:
A: One Rescuer Evacuation: when there is nobody to help, but the victim has to
be moved immediately. Can be done by:
firemen’s carry,
pulling,
tied-hands crawl
lifting the victim.

B: With assistance: when other people are available for help. Can be done by:
chair carry,
fore- and aft- carry,
seats (two / four handed),
by three- or four- man lift.

Emergency Rescue
QUESTIONS?

End of Module 10