OSH STATE UNIVERSITY

IMF

NAME:-CHANDRA PUSHPESH
GROUP:-15 B 3rd YEAR
SUBJECT:-INTERNAL DISEASE Woman
SUBMITTED TO:AIPERY MAM
 Sign vs. symptom
•The key difference between signs and symptoms is who observes the effect.

•For example, a rash could be a sign, a symptom, or both:

•If the patient notices the rash, it is a symptom.

•If the doctor, nurse, or anyone other than the patient notices the rash, it is a
sign.
•A sign is the effect of a health problem that can be observed by someone else.
A symptom is an effect noticed and experienced only by the person who has the
condition.
•If both the patient and doctor notice the rash, it can be classed as both a sign
and a symptom.
•Regardless of who notices that a system or body part is not functioning
normally, signs and symptoms are the body's ways of letting a person know that
not everything is running smoothly. Some signs and symptoms need follow-up by
a medical professional, while others may completely resolve without treatment.
 Signs fit into the following categories:

Prognostic signs: These are signs that point to the future. Rather than indicating
the nature of the disease, they predict the outcome for the patient, such as what
is likely to happen to them and how severe the disease will probably be.

Anamnestic signs: These signs point to parts of a person's medical history. For
instance, skin scars may be evidence of severe acne in the past.

Diagnostic signs: These signs help the doctor recognize and identify a current
health problem. For example, high levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the
blood of a male may be a sign of prostate cancer or a prostate problem.

Pathognomonic signs: This means that a doctor can link a sign to a condition
with full certainty. For example, the presence of a certain microbe in a blood
sample can point to a specific viral infection.
 A symptom is a departure from normal function or
feeling which is apparent to a patient , reflecting the
presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.
 • (also called semeiology) is a branch
of medicine dealing with symptoms. Also this study
deals with the signs and indications of a disease.

• A symptom can be subjective or objective

• Tiredness is a subjective symptom whereas cough or fever
are objective symptoms
• In contrast to a symptom, a sign is a clue to a disease
elicited by an examiner or a doctor.
• For example, paresthesis is a symptom (only the person
experiencing it can directly observe their own tingling
feeling), whereas erythema is a sign (anyone can confirm that
the skin is redder than usual)
 There are three main types of symptom:

Remitting symptoms: When symptoms improve or resolve completely, they

are known as remitting symptoms. For examples, symptoms of the common
cold may occur for several days and then resolve without treatment.

Chronic symptoms: These are long-lasting or recurrent symptoms. Chronic

symptoms are often seen in ongoing conditions, such as diabetes, asthma,
and cancer.

Relapsing symptoms: These are symptoms that have occurred in the past,
resolved, and then returned. For instance, symptoms of depression may not
occur for years at a time but can then return.
 Non-specific symptoms

Non-specific symptoms are self-reported symptoms that do not

indicate a specific disease process or involve an isolated body
system.

For example, fatigue is a feature of many acute and chronic

medical conditions, which may or may not be mental, and may be
either a primary or secondary symptom.

Fatigue is also a normal, healthy condition when experienced after

exertion or at the end of a day.
 Positive and negative

Symptoms can be divided into positive and negative.

• Positive symptoms are the ones observed in persons with a disease or other
abnormal condition, but normally not observed in average healthy persons. A
negative symptom is absence of a function or feeling normally present in an average
person.
•For example, in describing mental disorders especially schizophrenia, positive and
negative symptoms are as follows.

•Positive symptoms are symptoms present in the disorder but not normally
experienced by most individuals. It reflects an excess or distortion of normal
functions (i.e., experiences and behaviors that have been added to a person’s normal
way of functioning). Examples are hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.
•Negative symptoms are functions that are normally found in healthy persons, but
that are diminished or not present in affected persons. Thus, it is something that has
disappeared from a person’s normal way of functioning. Examples are social
withdrawal, apathy, inability to experience pleasure and defects in attention
control.[

For somatic sensory symptoms, the positive ones are tingling, itching and various
sensations described as pricking, bandlike, lightning-like shooting feelings
(lancinations), aching, knifelike, twisting, drawing, pulling, tightening, burning, searing,
electrical, or raw feelings. The terms used to describe positive sensory symptoms
are paresthesia and dysesthesia.

The negative sensory symptoms are diminished or missing sensations. The most
common one is numbness. The following terms are used for negative
symptoms. Hypoesthesia (hypesthesia) is a partial loss of sensitivity to moderate
stimuli, such as pressure, touch, warmness, coldness, etc. Anesthesia is the complete
loss of sensitivity to stronger stimuli, such as pinprick. Hypalgesia (analgesia) is loss of
sensation to painful stimuli.
 consciousness
• Consciousness is a state of awareness
and responsiveness

• Events in the environment

• Your own mental processes and inner

awareness

– Example: Your knowledge of your feelings,

thoughts, and memories.
There are 4 types of pression of consciousness

STUPOR or numbness
The patient is not well versed in the environment ,responds to question with a delay,
and when leaving this state ,answers the questions in a meaningful way

STUN OR SOPOR
This is a form of dullness , characterised byb slowdown and obstruction of mental
processes and lack of orientation in the environment . In deep stage no reaction to
verbal circulation and only reactions to pain stimuli are preserved.

COMA
This is the stste of deep inhibition of the function of the cns , characterised by
complete loss of consciousness ,loss of reactions to external stimuli and a disorder in
the regulation of vital body functions .

SYNCOPE
this is sudden short term loss of consciousness ,accompanied by a sharp pallor , a
significant weakning of breathing and blood circulation .