Algae

and the origin of

Eukaryotic Cells
CONCEPTS:
*Life originated over 3 billion years ago as
simple prokaryotic organisms and after
billion years eukaryotic cells had come into
existence.

*Mitochondria arose first, as an eukaryotic

cell engulfed but did not digest a bacterium
capable of aerobic respiration.
*ENDOSYMBIOSIS

*Currently, there are numerous groups of

organism called protozoans and algae that is
originated from early steps in eukaryotic
evolution.
*another line of early eukaryotes,ones
that entered another endosymbiosis which
evolved into a chloroplast. This give
arise to algae including green algae
which in turn produced true plants -
EMBRYOPHYTES.

*Early eukaryotes are almost unicellular

and in the past grouped together in the
kingdom “PROTISTA” but this was a grade
of classification.

*In plants, the reproductive structures

are always complex and multicellular,
and only some inner cells become
reproductive.
Origin
of Eukaryotic
Cells
● The Earth’s history has been divided
into eons by geologist:

-Hadean Eon
-Archean Eon
-Phanerozoic Eon
DNA
structure
Prokaryotic DNA:
■ Is found freely in the cytoplasm (within a
region called the nucleoid)
■ Is naked (i.e. not bound with proteins and
therefore doesn’t form chromatin)
■ Genomes are compact (contain little
repetitive DNA and no introns)
■ Contains extra-chromosomal plasmids
■ Is circular in shape
Eukaryotic DNA:
■ Is contained within a nucleus
■ Is bound to histone proteins
■ Genomes contain large amounts of non-
coding and repetitive DNA (including
introns)
■ Do not contain plasmids (but organelles
such as the mitochondria may contain
their own chromosomes)
■ Are linear in shape
and Division
*The DNA of prokaryotes lies
directly in the cytoplasm; no
nucleus is present. As a prokaryotic
cell grows, its plasma membrane
expands the DNA circles attached to
it are separated from each other by
cell growth. The cell then pinches
in two.

*Most of the DNA of eukaryotes is

located within the nucleus,
separated from the cytoplasm by two
nuclear membranes with nuclear
pores.
organelles
*Prokaryotes lack membrane-bounded
organelles, their cytoplasm is rather
homogenous, containing only ribosomes and
storage granules.

*Eukaryotes have nuclei and mitochondria and

plants and algae also have plastids. In
addition, dictyosomes, ER, vacuoles, and
vesicles are compound of the eukaryotic
endomembrane system.

PROKARYOTES RIBOSOMES: 70S

EUKARYOTES RIBOSOMES: 80S cytoplasmic

70S in organelles
KEYWORDS:

Cellular metabolism is the set of chemical

reactions that occur in living organisms in
order to maintain life. Cellular metabolism
involves complex sequences of controlled
biochemical reactions, better known as
metabolic pathways. These processes allow
organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain
their structures, and respond to
environmental changes.