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ENGINEERING LESSON

GUIDE 4
PUMPS, VALVES, AND FANS
VALVES
Globe
Valve
Gate
Valve
Needle
Valve
Ball Valve
Lift Check
Valve
WHY RELIEF VALVES?
VALVE OPERATING
DEVICES
 Manual
 Hydraulic
 Motor (electric or air operated)
 Solenoid
VALVES
 Remote operating gear: allows the
operation from distant stations. Types:
– mechanical: uses reach rods and gears.
• ex: valves out of ‘reach’ due to distance or
density.
– hydraulic: uses fluid and piston set up.
• ex: high-speed, large valves such as Main
Steam Stops.
VALVES
– motor: uses an electric or pneumatic motor.
• ex: Feed Control (throttle) Valves use electric
motor.
– solenoid: uses coil and core mechanism to
open or close on an electric signal from
remote location.
PUMPS
PUMPS
 Defn: device which utilizes an external
source of power to apply a force to a
fluid to move the fluid from one place to
another. In thermo. language, it
transfers one source of energy into
mechanical energy which is transferred
to the fluid.
PUMP TERMS
 Volumetric Flow Rate
 Pump Head
 Pressure Head
 Static Pressure
PUMPS
 Net Positive Suction Head: that
pressure required at the suction of a
pump to prevent cavitation.
– cavitation: the formation of bubbles due to
area where P < PSAT, and the subsequent
collapse upon migration to a high-press.
area.
• causes noise and damage due to erosion and
fatigue failure.
PUMPS
– Need enough pressure on the suction side
s.t. the pump does not reduce press @ the
eye to cause P < Psat. If P < Psat, water
flashes to vapor causing damage to the
pump.

pump
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
Z1 + P1/D + 1/2(V12/g) =Z2 +P2/D + 1/2(V22/g)
+ gc/g(wk) + HL
Where: wk: work (ft-lbs)
Z : Elevation (ft) HL: Head Loss
P : Pressure (lbs/ft2) = f(L/D)(V2/2Zg)
D : Density (lb/ft3) where
V : Velocity (ft/sec) f : friction factor
g : acceleration L: Length
(32.2 ft/sec2) D: Diameter
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
 Fixed Volume
 Volumetric Flow rate is proportional to
speed
 A relief valve will always be on the
discharge end of the pump
E
X
A
M
P
L
E
S
Reciprocat ing Pump
Charact erist ic Curve
N1 N2

PRESSU RE H EAD
( H p = ft lbf/ lbm)

CAPACI TY
( V = GPM )
Act ual
I deal
NON-POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

•Uses throwing force of impeller


•Partial conversion of velocity head
to pressure head
•Volume output depends on
discharge pressure
. Where
V  N V = volumetric flow rate
N = Speed of rotation
Hp  N 2 H p= Pump H ead ( discharge pressure
Pw  N 3 Pw= Power required ( prime mover)

N2 = 2N1

N2

Pressure
H ead

HP =
( ft lbf) / lbm N1

.
V = GPM

Characteristic curve for centrifugal pump


PUMPS
– Centrifugal:
• Parallel pumps:

V2 = 2V1
HP 2 pumps
HP2 = HP1
1 pump

GPM
V
PUMPS
• Series (called staging):

2 pumps
HP2 = _______
HP
V2 = _______
1 pump

GPM
V
QUESTIONS?

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