Soil Properties Definition • soil pollution is defined as the change in physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil through man’s intervention resulting in degradation in quality • 2 components: solid waste and soil pollution • 2 types: natural causes and manmade causes • natural: landslides, flooding, hurricanes etc. • man-made= wastes: urbanisation, industrial wastes, mining, agricultural, domestic, garbage and radioactive Definition 2 components: solid waste and soil pollution 2 types: natural causes and manmade causes natural: landslides, flooding, hurricanes etc. man-made= wastes: industrial wastes, mining, agricultural, domestic, garbage etc. contaminants in soils depends on several physical and chemical processes: reduction/oxidation (redox), absorption, precipitation and desorption Whether a soil absorbs or releases a pollutant depends on: types of mineral present, amount of organic material present soil ph level (acidity), redox potential and moisture Land: Solid Waste Issues landfill and municipal waste contamination of soil due to landfills and municipal waste water industrial and hazardous waste discharge of toxic, flammable, non- biodegradable substances erosion, mining and quarrying waste non-renewable substances and valuable minerals are extracted from earth that change the composition of soil pesticides and agricultural waste chemical fertilizers like pesticides domestic or household solid waste food wastes, paper, glass, plastic materials, cans and metal cylinders chemical, nuclear and radioactive waste nuclear power plants, nuclear testing, and explosion results to variable amount of radioactive materials to soil Land: Soil Pollution Issues Chemical Contamination Plastics, toxins in wastes and other chemicals seep into the ground Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Contaminate the Ground POPs in pesticides, insecticides etc., takes a long time POPs by-products are also produced by burning coal, peat, wood, hospital waste, hazardous waste, municipal waste and from car emissions Impact on Biodiversity adverse effect on the food-chain, that affect the fora, fauna and human life adverse effect and threat to marine life due to bioaccumulation damage soil fertility affect plant growth and the food source of the ecosystem Spread of Invasive Species soil pollution will affect native plants while invasive weeds can propagate Loss of Soil Fertility excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides kills beneficial soil microorganisms adverse impact on the energy and nutrient cycle of the ecosystem Soil Degradation deforestation, irrigation, land conversion, quarrying, mining … erosion etc. Main Soil Potential Specific Sources Some Common Symptoms/Effects pollutant of Poisoning with the Polluted Soil
Mercury (Hg) mining • Itching, burning, pain
incineration of coal • damage to brain kidney and lungs alkali and metal • pink disease (acrodynia) – skin processing discoloration (pink cheeks, medical and other waste fingertips, toes), while red cheeks volcanoes and geologic and nose in affected children deposits (natural sources) • desquamation (peeling off in accumulation in plants layers of dead skin) and vegetables grown on • high blood pressure and polluted soils hypersalivation • tachycardia • loss of hair, teeth, nails, photofobia • kidney dysfunction • memory impairment • insomnia - in children Some Common Symptoms/Effects Main Soil pollutant Potential Specific Sources of Poisoning with the Polluted Soil
Arsenic (As) Mining If ingested –the most specific
Coal-fired power plants effects relates to skin pattern Lumber facilities (used changes as CCA – chromate cancer (including liver, kidney, copper arsenate in bladder, prostate and lung pressure treated wood) cancer) Electronic Industry also at lower doses the Foundry activities digestive system may be Agriculture (Pesticides - affected with symptoms such including some of those as: nausea vomiting, stomach currently used) irritation, diarrhea, damage of Natural accumulation blood vessels under specific If inhaled – skin changes; conditions irritation of throat and lungs, circulatory problems nervous system disorders Some Common Main Soil pollutant Potential Specific Sources Symptoms/Effects of Poisoning with the Polluted Soil Other metals (Mn, Mining • Depend on metals Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, etc.) Foundry activities Construction activities PAHs (polyaromatic coal burning and vehicle emissions • harm to skin, body hydrocarbos) accumulation in plants and fluids, and autoimmune vegetables grown on polluted soils system cigarette smoke and wood burning • eye irritation wildfires, agricultural burning • nausea and vomiting asphalt roads (construction • diarrhea activities) • cataracts industrial plants (e.g., coal tar, • kidney and liver damage bitumen, coal-gasification) • cancer (skin, lung, accumulation in plants and bladder, vegetables grown on polluted soils gastrointestinal) construction activities Herbicides and Agricultural activities • large range of effects Insecticides Gardening • skin rashes • death THINK TANK… THINK TANK… Action Plan
Microstructure Characterization and Quantitative Analysis of Copper Alloy Matrix Composites Reinforced With Wc-Xni Powders Prepared by Spontaneous Infiltration