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Water
Solid
Air
1
The Mineral Skeleton
Solid Particles
Volume
2
Three Phase Diagram
Air
Water
Solid
3
Fully Saturated Soils
Water
Solid
Air
Solid
5
Partly Saturated Soils
Air
Water
Solid
6
Three Phase System
Va Air Wa~0
Vv
Vw Water Ww
VT WT
Vs Solid Ws
Volume Weight
7
Three Phase System
8
Three Phase System
9
Three Phase System
10
Three Phase System
11
Voids ratio
• It is not the actual volumes that are important but rather the ratios between
the volumes of the different phases. This is described by the voids ratio, e,
or porosity, n, and the degree of saturation, S.
12
Voids ratio
• It is not the actual volumes that are important but rather the ratios between the
volumes of the different phases. This is described by the voids ratio, e, or porosity,
n, and the degree of saturation, S.
Vv
• The voids ratio is defined as e
Vs
Vv
• And the porosity as n
V
The relation between these quantities can be simply determined as follows
Vs = V - Vv = (1 - n) V
Hence
Vv Vv n
e
Vs ( 1 n )V 1 n
13
Degree of Saturation
• Vw = e S Vs Va = Vv - Vw = e Vs (1 - S)
14
Degree of Saturation
• Vw = e S Vs Va = Vv - Vw = e Vs (1 - S)
Air e (1 - S) 0 0
Water e S e S w e S w
Solid 1 Gs w Gs w
15
Unit Weights
• The bulk unit weight
W w Gs Vs w e S Vs w ( Gs e S )
bulk
V Vs eVs 1 e
• The saturated unit weight (S = 1)
( Gs e )
w
1 e
sat
Gs
w
1 e
dry
16
Unit Weights
• The bulk unit weight
W w Gs Vs w e S Vs w ( Gs e S )
bulk
V Vs eVs 1 e
• The saturated unit weight (S = 1)
( Gs e )
w
1 e
sat
1 e
dry
Notation
M = mass or weight
V = volume Va Ma=0
s = soil grains
air
w = water Vv
a = air Vw water Mw
v = voids
t = total Vt Mt
Vs soil Ms
Phase Diagram
19
Definitions
Phase Diagram
20
Weight Relationships
• Weight Components:
Weight of Solids = Ws
Weight of Water = Ww
Weight of Air ~ 0
Ww
Water Content, w(%) 100%
Ws
21
Units
• Length metres
• Mass tonnes (1 tonne = 103 kg)
• Density t/m3
• Weight kilonewtons (kN)
• Stress kilopascals (kPa) 1 kPa= 1 kN/m2
• Unit weight kN/m3
• Accuracy Density of water, w = 1 t/m3
Stress/Strength to 0.1 kPa
22
Definitions
Bulk density is the mass of dry soil per unit volume,
including the air space.
Bulk density has a major effect on the movement of air and
water in soils.
Soils with high bulk densities are often compacted.
Determined by dividing the weight of oven-dry soil in
grams by its volume in cubic centimeters
The variation in bulk density is due largely to the
difference in total pore space
23 23
Definitions
Bulk, saturated, dry and submerged unit weights () are defined
in a similar manner.
24
Weight and Unit weight
= g
25
Weight and Unit weight
z sv sv = r g z
sv = g z
26
Volumetric Relationships
• Volume Components:
Volume of Solids = Vs
Volume of Water = Vw
Volume of Air = Va
Volume of Voids = Va + Vw = Vv
Vv
Void Ratio , e
Vs
Vv
Porosity , n(%) 100%
VT
27
Definitions
Va air Ma=0
VV
e Vv
VS Vw water Mw
Vt Mt
Vs soil Ms
Phase Diagram
28 28
Definitions
Porosity (n) is also a measure of the void volume,
expressed as a percentage.
Va air Ma=0
VV
n X 100% Vv
VT Vw water Mw
Vt Mt
Phase Diagram
29 29
Volumetric Relationships
• Volume Components:
Volume of Solids = Vs
Volume of Water = Vw
Volume of Air = Va
Volume of Voids = Va + Vw = Vv
Vw
Degree of Saturation, S (%) 100%
VV
30
Definitions
Degree of saturation (S) is the percentage of the
void volume filled by water.
Va air Ma=0
VW
S X 100% Vv
VV Vw water Mw
Vt Mt
Range: 0 – 100%
Vs soil Ms
Dr
y Saturate
d
Phase Diagram
31 31
Specific Gravity
This is defined by
Density of Material
G
Density of Water w
Unit Weight of Material
G
Unit Weight of Water w
32
Specific Gravity
This is defined by
Density of Material
G
Density of Water w
Unit Weight of Material
G
Unit Weight of Water w
33
Specific Gravity
34
Specific Gravity
• Iron 7.86
• Aluminum 2.55-2.80
• Lead 11.34
• Mercury 13.55
• Granite 2.69
• Marble 2.69
• Quartz 2.60
• Feldspar 2.54-2.62
35
Specific Gravity, Gs
36
Typical Values of Specific Gravity
n = 50% water
S = 50%
soil
38
Definitions
Bulk density (m) is the density of the soil in the
current state.
MT
m Va air Ma=0
VT Vv
Vw water Mw
Units: t/m3, g/ml, kg/m3 Vt Mt
Vs soil Ms
Phase Diagram
39
Definitions
Saturated density (sat) is the density of the soil when
the voids are filled with water.
40
Definitions
Dry density (d) is the density of the soil in dry state.
MS
d Va air Ma=0
VT Vv
Vw water Mw
Units: t/m3, g/ml, kg/m3 Vt Mt
Vs soil Ms
Phase Diagram
41 41
Phase Relations
Consider a fraction of the soil where Vs = 1.
volumes masses
Phase Diagram 42
Phase Relations
From the previous definitions,
M W Se
w
M S GS
air
VV e e
n Se
VT 1 e water Sew
1 soil Gsw
Phase Diagram
43 43
Phase Relations
M T GS Se
m W
VT 1 e
air
M T GS e e
sat W Se water Sew
VT 1 e
MS GS
d W 1 soil Gsw
VT 1 e
Phase Diagram
44 44
Example: Volumetric Ratios
• Determine void ratio, porosity and
degree of saturation of a soil core
sample
Data:
• Weight of soil sample = 1013g
• Vol. of soil sample = 585.0cm3
• Specific Gravity, Gs = 2.65
• Dry weight of soil = 904.0g
45
Example
134.9cm3 Wa~0
Air
W =1.00
243.9cm3
Water 109.0g
109.0cm3
585.0cm3 1013.0g
s =2.65
341.1cm3
Solid 904.0g
Volumes Weights
46
Example
134.9cm3 Air
W =1.00
243.9cm3
109.0cm3 Water
585.0cm3
s =2.65
341.1cm3 Solid
Vv 243.9
e 0.72
Vs 341.1
Vv 243.9
n(%) 100% 100 41.7%
Volumes VT 585.0
Vw 109.0
S (%) 100% 100 44.7%
Vv 243.9
47
Soil Unit weight (lb/ft3 or kN/m3)
48
Typical Unit weights
49
Moisture Content
• The moisture content, m, is defined as
Weight of Water Ww
m
Weight of Solids Ws
In terms of e, S, Gs and w
Ww = w Vw = w e S Vs
Ws = s Vs = w Gs Vs
eS
hence m
Gs
50
Example 1
51
52
53
Example 2
54
Example 2
55
solution
56
Example 3
57
58
59
Example 4
60
Example 4
61
Example 4
62
Example 4
63
64
65
66