UNIT – 3

ELEVATOR
ELEVATOR
Elevator is an equipment that helps in transporting people or goods
between floor levels. It is operated using electric motors.
Types based on drive system Types based on usage
• Traction lifts • Passenger lifts
• Goods lifts
• Hydraulic lifts
• Vehicle lifts
Passenger lifts • Dumbwaiter
• Residential lifts • Scissor lift
• Hospital lifts
• Office lifts
• Hotel lifts
• Institutional lifts
TERMINOLOGIES
• Elevator car
• Machine room
• Lift shaft
• Lift pit
• Counterweight
• Guide rails
• Car buffer
• Bottom clearance
• Top clearance
• Hoisting rope
ELEVATOR CAR
Lift car is an enclosure that moves between floors and has car frame and
door
MACHINE ROOM
This is located at the top of the lift shaft and it has winding machine,
control panel, ventilator, etc. it has to be detached from the roof slab.
LIFT SHAFT
It is a hoist way in which the elevator car travels.
LIFT PIT
Lift shaft extends below the lowest landing door. It accommodates springs
to facilitate smooth landing of the car.

COUNTERWEIGHT
Steel weights are provided to balance the weight of the car. Cables are
used to connect the counterweight and the lift car.
GUIDE RAILS
Guide rails are made of steel and helps the counterweight when it moves.
ELEVATOR RAIL
Guide rails are made of steel and it facilitates movement of the car.

BOTTOM CLEARANCE
The distance including buffer compression and the platforms. The car could
travel below the bottom landing until the full weight of the car rests on the
buffer.
TOP CLEARANCE
The vertical distance between the top car attachment and the bottom of the
diverting pulley or any steel work supporting equipment; there should be
adequate distance between this and the car should not contact the diverting
pulley or the steelwork.

COUNTERWEIGHT
A counterweight is a weight that, by exerting an opposite force, provides
balance and stability of a mechanical system. Its purpose is to make lifting the
load more efficient, which saves energy and is less taxing on the lifting
machine.
OVER SPEED GOVERNOR
An overspeed governor is an elevator device which act as a stop
device in case the elevator runs beyond the rated speed. This
device must be installed in the traction elevators and roped
hydraulic elevators.

DRIVE AND BRAKE SYSTEM

Driving machine, this is the power unit of the elevator, and usually located at the
elevator machine room.
The Driving machine used to refer to the collection of components that raise or lower
the elevator. These include the drive motor, brake, speed reduction unit, sheaves and
encoders.
Brake:
Traction and drum machines are provided with a mechanical brake, designed to stop
and safely hold an elevator. A centrifugal force governor is provided on most elevators
to guard against overspeeding (when a car travels in excess of 20% of top speed, the
governor will activate a safety stop device). Safeties are installed at the bottom of an
elevator car and occasionally on counterweights to provide positive emergency
stopping when activated by the governor.
TRACTION LIFTS
The lift car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes.
The ropes are attached to the elevator car, looped around
a sheave and then connected to an electric motor.
Machine room is located at the top of the lift shaft.
The motor, sheave and the control panel are housed in the
machine room.
The steel cables that lift the car is connected to the
counterweight on the other side.
Flat steel belts can be used instead of steel cables.
Flat steel belts are extremely light in weight due to its carbon
fibre core.
It has high friction coating and hence it does not require any
Lubricant.
 COMPONENTS OF TRACTION LIFT
• Control system
• Electric motor
• Sheave
• Counter weight
• Guiding rail
SHEAVE
The pulley has grooves on its circumference and it is connected to an electric motor
Which facilitates the hoist rope to move.
COUNTERWEIGHT
It weighs half the weight of the car when fully loaded. The steel ropes connect the
lift car and the counterweight.
GUIDE RAILS
These are along the sides of the elevator shaft.
It keeps the car and the counter weight from swaying back and forth.
It works with the safety system to stop the car in case of emergency.
 TRACTION LIFT
Lift car is lifted by steel cables which pass over a pulley which is being
attached to an electric motor.
Can be used in mid and high rise buildings.
Travel speed is high when compared to hydraulic lifts.
Machine room is located at the top of the lift shaft.
MACHINE ROOM
It should be ventilated.
Equipments should be protected from humidity and dust.
Walls ceiling and floor should be finished with tiles.
Door opening should be adequate to allow the machines.
It should be isolated. It should not have common wall or slab.
Shall not be used as store room. Shall not act as a passage to other
room.
MACHINE ROOM-LESS LIFT

• Machine Room-Less (MRL) lifts are traction elevators that feature

a compact motor drive mounted on the car itself.
• They don’t require to build a separate elevator machine room.
MRL lifts allow you architectural flexibility, but they also provide
fast, powerful and energy-efficient transportation.
• Though traction lifts were originally limited to high-rises, the
innovative MRL design has allowed engineers to adapt traction
elevators for low-rise buildings and multi-story homes.
• The MRL elevator design saves a significant amount of energy
(approximately 70-80% over a traditional traction elevator).
• The power feeders are also significantly reduced, due to the
MRL's more efficient design and the elevator's counter-balance.
• This efficiency provides superior performance and faster speeds.
ADVANTAGES OF MRL LIFT:
• Permanent Magnet Gearless Machine for smooth, quiet motion
• 1 m/s to 1.6m/s speed range
• 10 to 16 passenger load range (680 - 1088kg)
• Smooth ride, due to the first-class roller shoe suspension
• Versatile landing and car door configurations
• Earthquake-friendly jigged guiding
• Small control cabinet on the upper level
• Totally integrated system for greater reliability
• Time and money-saving benefits: long lifespan, low operating cost,
easy installation and service
• Cost-efficient elevator application
• No machine room
The MRL elevator design saves a significant amount of energy
(approximately 70-80% over a traditional traction elevator). The power
feeders are also significantly reduced, due to the MRL's more efficient
design and the elevator's counter-balance. This efficiency provides
superior performance and faster speeds.
 HYDRAULIC LIFT

It works under Pascal’s principle.

It states that the pressure given to a liquid in closed chamber will be
continued by the liquid to every direction with uniform magnitude
Piston helps in moving the elevator.
Can be used in low rise buildings.
The machine room is located at the lowest level of the elevator shaft.
Hydraulic lifts provide the advantages of being relatively inexpensive,
safe and easy to maintain.
They're very convenient and cost-effective solution for low-rise buildings
with low traffic.
HYDRAULIC LIFT
Hydraulic elevators have been rated the safest option for home
elevators. They boast superb user friendliness and easy access
machine room located at the basement. Once they are put in
place, hydraulic elevators provide the Smoothest rides possible.
COMPONENTS OF HYDRAULIC LIFT
Tank
Motor
Actuator
Elevator Valve
Tank
The tank has non compressible and self lubricating liquid.
Motor
Motor pushes the oil into the cylinder to lift the elevator
HYDRAULIC LIFT
Actuator
It helps to move the piston up and down
Express hydraulic lifts gives you safe, secure and powerful vertical
transportation
Elevator Valve
 low installation and maintenance costs compared to a traction lift
 a longer operating lifetime
 comfort and low noise
 simple & fast installation
 single-time phase-3 power (for ascending) and phase-1 (for
descending)
ADVANTAGES
• Cost of the equipment and maintenance cost is Lower
when compared to traction lift
• occupies less floor space when compared to traction lift
• It does not require machine room
• These lifts can be used for freight lifts and automobile
elevators
DISADVANTAGES
• Temperature of the oil should be maintained for its better
• performance.
• It does not have any safety device to prevent its falling as
it depends on the pressure.
• It produces intense heat.
Type of Suspension:
ROPE TYPE
Side indirect acting suspension with wire ropes with one piston for
regular loads and long travels.
ROPE TYPE 1
It is a single side indirectly acting suspension with wire ropes having one
piston for regular loads travels of maximum 13 meters.
ROPE TYPE 2
It is an indirect suspension with wire ropes having dual pistons for heavy
loads and long travels of maximum 12 meters.

HOLE TYPE
Direct suspension. The simplest solution for any load with a simple or
split piston.
HOLE LESS TYPE
Side direct suspension with two simple piston for large loads and short
travels. (Max. Travel 4 m.)
HOLELESS TYPE 1
It is a single side direct suspension with a simple piston for regular
loads and short travels of maximum 4 meters.
HOLELESS TYPE 2
It is a single side direct suspension with dual simple pistons for heavy
loads and short travels of maximum 4 meters.
POWER UNIT
The power unit is the motor mechanism for the hydraulic lift.
Its main parts elevator valves, submersible motors and screw pumps
are manufactured by specialized European companies.
SCREW PUMP
Screw pumps are used to pump oils or other lubricating liquids, non-
lubricating liquids, or liquids with poor lubricating properties.
HYDRAULIC LIFT
DUMB WAITER
GOODS LIFT
HOSPITAL LIFT
PASSENGER LIFT
PASSENGER MRL LIFT