VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Centre for Post Graduate Studies

V.T.U Regional Centre, Mysuru

Project Seminar
 “
on
“Experimental Study on Compressive strength Characteristics of Copper slag Replaced Cement Concrete”

Presented by Under the Guidance of

Harshitha P Dr Keerthi Gowda B S
4VZ17CSE08 Assistant Professor, Program Co-ordinator,
M.Tech Program in Structural Engineering
Sub Centre of Department of Civil Engineering-VTU
Centre for Post-graduate Studies
VTU- Mysuru- 570029

1
 Contents
 Introduction
 Literature Review
 Need of the Project work
 Objectives of the Project
 Materials and methodology
 Testing of specimens
 Result and discussion
 Conclusion
 References
2
Introduction
 Concrete is mainly used material in construction today. In the construction field building material
contribute to about 70% cost, therefore there is a need of replacement of scarce and costly conventional
building material by innovative, cost effective and environment friendly alternate building material
 There are many industrial waste products are generated, among this Copper slag is an industrial by-product
material produced from the process of manufacturing of Copper metal. For every ton of copper production,
about 2.2 tons of copper slag is generated
Copper slag is one of the materials that is considered as a waste material which could have a promising
future in construction industry as partial or full substitute of either cement or Aggregates
In nature Copper slag is granular and black glassy and has a comparable grain size distribution like sand, it
has high concentration of SiO2, Fe2O3 .

3
Uses of Copper slag
The major uses of copper slag are:

 Copper slag is used as a raw material for the manufacture of OPC

 Copper slag is used as a blending material for the manufacture of PSC

 Copper slag has also gained popularity in the building industry for use as a fill material

 Contractors may also use copper slag in place of sand during concrete construction

 Copper slag is widely used as an abrasive media to remove rust, old coating and other
impurities in dry abrasive blasting due to its high hardness

4
Literature Review
D Brindha and S Nagan (2011) as made “Durability studies on copper slag admixed concrete”

 In this research work various concrete mixtures are prepared with varying proportion of copper slag for replacing
cement and fine aggregate

 M20 grade of concrete is used and various tests are conducted by replacing sand with 0 to 60% of copper slag
and cement with 0 to 20% of copper slag in concrete mixture.

 The result shows the copper slag replacement for both cement and fine aggregate reduce the cost of manufacturing
of concrete.

 For higher replacement of copper slag in cement greater than 20% and sand greater than 50%,the compressive
strength and split tensile strength decreases due to an increase of free water content .

 Acceleration corrosion test revels that the corrosion rate of copper slag admixed uncoated rebar is somewhat
higher when compared to controlled specimen. But when coated with zinc phosphate paint corrosion is zero.

5
Khalifa S Al-Jabri (2011) as made study on “Effect of copper slag as a fine aggregate on the properties
of concrete and cement mortars”.

 In this study various concrete mixtures and mortar are prepared by replacing fine aggregate with
varying proportion of copper slag from 0% to 100%.

 After preparing the concrete mixtures and cement mortar, the compressive strength of cement mortar
were evaluated, while the concrete mixtures were tested for workability, density, compressive strength,
tensile strength, flexural strength.

 After all the tests they observed that compressive strength of mortar is more than 70% improvement
with 50% copper slag substitution in comparison with the control mix.

 There is almost 5% density of concrete increase, when replacement of sand by copper slag and then
workability is increased with an increase in content of copper slag
6
Arivalagan (2013) “Experimental study on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams as
replacement of copper slag as fine aggregate”.
 The concrete mix proportion of M20 with water cement ratio of 0.55 was used. Compression test, split
tensile strength and flexural strength test of concrete specimens is evaluated by replacing copper slag to
fine aggregate.
 The result show that increase in quantity of copper slag, the concrete compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength of concrete increases up to 40% further than that strength significantly
decreases due to increases free water content
 While copper slag replacement in concrete increases, the concrete density increases. In copper slag
concrete the slump lies in between 90 to 120mm.
 The beam flexural strength increases by 21 to 51% when copper slag replacement to fine aggregate. It is
observed that energy absorption capacity of the beams increase when copper slag is replaced to sand.
7
 R R Chavan and D B Kulkarni (2013) made study on “Performance of copper slag on strength
properties as partial replace of fine aggregate”.

 They investigated the performance of concrete made with copper slag as a fine aggregate. The
proportions (by weight) of Copper slag added to concrete mixtures were as follows: 0% (for the control
mix), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, and 100%

 And conducted experimental investigations to study the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of
fine aggregate on the strength properties

 Concluded that maximum Compressive strength of concrete increased by 55% at 40% replacement of
fine aggregate by copper slag and flexural strength increased by 14 % for 40% replacement.

 However, mixtures with 100% replacement of copper slag gave the lowest compressive strength18.31
Mpa which is almost 1% greater than the strength of the control mix
8
C K Madheswaran et.al (2014) made studies on “Use of copper slag as replacement material for river
sand in building construction”.
 Here eight cement mortar mixes with different proportions of copper slag ranging from 0 % to 75% are
considered. The cement mortar with mix ratio of 1:3 and 1:5 was prepared.
 Stack bonded masonry units were prepared using five number of clay wire cut bricks of dimensions are
226 x 106 x 72 mm by arranging them one above the other.
 From the brick masonry strength consideration the copper slag has been often found to be beneficial.
The present study utilized clay bricks which were stronger than the mortar of the joint.
 Copper slag can be used as a sand replacement material for plastering of flooring upto 50% and
horizontal surfaces up to 25% by mass of the total fine aggregate and it is not suitable for plastering
ceiling.
 The highest compressive strength obtained was 43 MPa, the corresponding strength for concrete was
35MPa
9
Jayapal Naganur and Chethan B.A. (2014) studied the “Effect of copper slag as a partial replacement of fine aggregate
on the properties of cement concrete”.
 In this research work M20 grade concrete was used. Various concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportion
of copper slag as fine aggregates replacement.
 Concrete mixtures were evaluated for workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, corrosion, acid resistivity
and micro structural analysis.
 Compressive strength increased with increase in copper slag content up to a replacement level of 50%. The maximum
increase in compressive strength was observed at a replacement level of 40%.
 Beyond the replacement level of 50% of sand with copper slag in concrete, a decrease in strength was observed.
 An increase in corrosion of reinforcement has been observed with increase in the percentage of copper slag in concrete.
 From SEM test it can be observed that the concrete containing 40% copper slag has more dense texture when compared
with conventional concrete
 The concrete containing copper slag was found to be slightly decrease resistant to the H2SO4 solution than the
conventional concrete.

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M Velumani and Dr K Nirmal kumar (2014) as made study on “Durability and copper slag
characteristics as sand and fly ash as cement in concrete”.
 In this experimental work M35 grade concrete was selected and various test were conducted for
different percentage of copper slag varying from 0 to 100% replacement with sand and fly ash
replacement with cement of 0 to 30% .
 Various test are conducted in this study, they are slump test on fresh concrete and on harden concrete
split tensile test, compression test, water absorption test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test.
 From the test result it has been founded that the average pulse velocity is above 5 km/sec for 40%
copper slag replacement with Fine aggregate and 30% replacement with cement.
 Water absorption in replaced concrete is lower than conventional concrete, by 40% replacing of copper
slag the concrete compressive strength is increased, beyond 40% the bleeding effect and the segregation
of copper slag mixed concrete increases
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Summary of Literature Review
 The result show that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and Flexural strength of beam of
concrete was observed to increase by replacing Fine Aggregate with copper slag of about 40% . Beyond
40% strength significantly decreases due to increase in free water content. Water absorption in replaced
concrete is lower than conventional concrete
 In the design of bituminous concrete, they observe addition of copper slag as fine aggregate in various
bituminous mixes improves good interlocking and eventually improved the volumetric properties as
well as the mechanical properties of mixes
 The result shows the copper slag replacement for both cement and fine aggregate reduce the cost of
manufacturing of concrete.
 For higher replacement of copper slag in cement greater than 20% and sand greater than 50%,the
compressive strength and split tensile strength decreases due to an increase of free water content .

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 Acceleration corrosion test revels that the corrosion rate of copper slag admixed uncoated rebar
is somewhat higher when compared to controlled specimen. But when coated with zinc
phosphate paint corrosion is zero.
 It is observed that energy absorption capacity of the beams increase when copper slag is
replaced to sand
 Water absorption in replaced concrete is lower than conventional concrete
 The concrete containing copper slag was found to be slightly decrease resistant to the H2SO4
solution than the conventional concrete.
 Based on split tensile and flexural strength, concrete with up to 30% fly ash replacement for
cement and 40% copper slag replacement is suitable for pavement, runways and airfield
construction

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Need of the Project work

 A research gap to analyze compressive strength of copper slag replaced cement concrete for an
interval of 0% , 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% and 55%.

 In the construction field building material contribute to about 70% cost because of this there is
a need of substitute of scarce and costly conservative building Material by modern
environment friendly and cost efficient alternate building material.

 Now day’s river sand is considered as one of the scarce building material. Therefore CS is one
of the best substitutive supplies for fine aggregate

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 Objectives of the project work
 The main objective is to study the feasibility of use of copper slag as fine aggregate in concrete.

 The scope of the work includes knowing the strength parameter of concrete such as compressive

strength and workability of concrete in which copper slag replaced with fine aggregates by 0%, 20%,

30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, and 55% using M30 grades of concrete.

 To study the property and characteristics of copper slag and to find the optimum proportion of

Copper slag that can be used as a replacement material for fine Aggregate in concrete

 To investigate the effect of copper slag replacement as a fine aggregate on the compressive strength

of concrete at different curing periods.

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 As the copper slag considered being a waste product and the land for its dumping increasing

day by day showing a serious impact on environment, hence to reduce it we are making use of

copper slag in construction field.

 To produce Eco-friendly concrete

 Obtain the strength characteristics of concrete with partial replacement of copper slag and

compare the performance of conventional concrete

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 Materials used
Following are the materials used

 Cement

 Fine aggregate

 Coarse aggregate

 Copper slag

 Water

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The following are the basic ingredients which were used in this research work
 Cement : Ordinary Portland cement 53 with brand name Ramco shown in below fig confirming to IS:
8112-1902 standards which is having specific gravity of 3.125 is used throughout the experimental
investigation to cast the all specimens.
Table 1: Physical characteristics of cement

Characteristics Result obtained Requirement as per

IS: 8112-1989
Fineness of cement % 8 Less than 10
Specific gravity 3.125 3.1 – 3.15
Normal Consistency % 34 30 – 35
Initial setting time (min) 120 30 (minimum)

Final setting time (min) 360 600 (maximum)

Cement

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 Fine aggregate: Nearly available fresh sand, free from organic matter as shown in fig 3.2 confirming to
IS: 383-1970 is used throughout the experimental investigation for casting all the specimens

Table 2: Physical characteristics of Fine aggregate

Sl no Characteristics Value

1 Particle size Irregular

2 Appearance Brownish yellow
3 Specific gravity 2.60
4 Fineness modulus % 2.99
5 Water absorption % 1.25
Fine aggregate (River sand)
6 Grading zone Zone II

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 Coarse aggregate : Nearly available coarse aggregate, free from organic impurities as shown in fig
confirming to IS:383-1970 is used throughout the experimental investigation for casting all the
specimens

Table 3: Physical characteristics of Coarse aggregate

Sl no Characteristics Value

1 Particle size Irregular

2 Specific gravity 2.7

3 Fineness modulus % 2.99

4 Water absorption % 0.2

Coarse aggregate

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 Copper Slag : In nature Copper slag is granular and black glassy and has a comparable grain size
distribution like sand, it has high concentration of SiO2, Fe2O3 . Below fig shown black and glassy
copper slag which is used throughout the experimental investigation as partial replacement material for
fine aggregate.

Table 4: Physical characteristics of Copper slag

Sl no Characteristics Value
1 Particle size Irregular
2 Appearance Black and glassy
3 Specific gravity 3.99
4 Fineness modulus 4.48
5 Water absorption % 0.15-0.2
Copper slag
6 Grading zone Zone I
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 Methodology
i) Raw material tests
ii) Design for Concrete Mix
In present study mix design for M30 (design value at the age of 28 days) grade concrete is done according
to IS 10262:2019 and IS 456-2000. 3
Table 5: Mix proportion in kg/m
Mix No of cubes Cement Fine aggregate Copper slag Coarse aggregate Water
(lit)
CS 0 3 4.744 7.220 0 12.76 2.123

CS 20 3 4.744 5.776 1.444 12.76 2.123

CS 30 3 4.744 5.054 2.166 12.76 2.123

CS 35 3 4.744 4.693 2.527 12.76 2.123

CS 40 3 4.744 4.332 2.888 12.76 2.123

CS 45 3 4.744 3.971 3.249 12.76 2.123

CS 50 3 4.744 3.610 3.610 12.76 2.123

CS 55 3 4.744 3.249 3.971 12.76 2.123

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iii) Mixing and casting of specimens
 The concrete is designed for M30 grade and water cement ratio used for this experimental work is 0.45.

 The quantities of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, copper slag and water for each batch were weighed as in mix
design to an accuracy of 0.5kg separately.

 A sample of concrete mix is prepared by conventional hand mixing method on the non water absorbent tray with the
help of trowel. With varying percentage of copper slag Eight mixtures of concrete were prepared, the percentage of
copper slag added to concrete mixtures are as follows 0%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% and 55%.

 For each concrete mixture the slump was determined in order to obtain workability of each mixture. As recommended
by the IS standard of a particular size cubical mould of size 150 x 150 x 150 mm PVC /iron mould were used to cast the
concrete specimens to test compressive strength.

 Total 48 cubical specimens were casted, for each test either 3 samples from each mix were tested at each curing age and
the average values were used for analysis.

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Concrete cubes after compaction kept for Casted specimens
setting
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Testing of specimens
The main objective of the present experimental investigation was to study performance of copper slag
concrete and the designed concrete mixes to a series of tests to evaluate the strength and other properties.

i)Performance of Fresh Concrete Workability Test:

In present study, workability was found by slump test. This test is an experimental
test that measures the workability of fresh concrete.
Slump test is conducted with and without replacement of fine aggregate. It can be
observed that as the percentage of replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag
increases, the slump is increasing as the water absorption capacity of copper slag is
less compared to river sand hence workability also increases.
Slump test

25
ii) Performance of Hardened Concrete Compressive Strength Test : Standard performance of
concrete and mechanical properties of concrete was assessed through compressive strength. One of the
most important properties of concrete is the measurement of its ability to withstand compressive loads, so
it is essential to carry out test to determine this property.

Compressive strength test were carried out on 150mm x 150mm x

150mm cubes with compression testing machine of 1000kN capacity.
 The specimen, after removal from curing tank was cleaned and
sundried before tested for strength, three samples are tested for each
replacement level. Compressive strength = P/A
Where, P = Ultimate load in kN
A = Area of cross section in mm2 Setting of Compressive strength test
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 Result and discussion

i) Workability test :
 Results from specific gravity and water absorption tests revealed that copper slag has a specific gravity of
3.9 which is higher than that of sand (2.6), whereas the water absorption values for copper slag and sand
were about 0.2% and 1.25% respectively.

 This suggests that concrete produced with large copper slag substitution would have larger density values
than concrete produced with sand alone.

 On the other hand, due to its low water absorption it is expected that the free water content in concrete
mixtures will increase as copper slag content increases. This will lead to an increase in the workability of
concrete mixtures containing high copper slag percentages.

27
 In present study, workability of each mix was measured in terms of slump. The slump
value of each mix are given in table 6 and also represented by figure.

 From figure it was noted that the slump value increased with percentage of copper slag
increases in concrete. The measured slump was 70mm for the control mix while the
measurement of slump value for the concrete mixture with 55% copper slag
substitution was 110mm.

 This significant increase is due to low water absorption characteristics of copper slag
and its glassy surface compared with sand which caused surplus quantity of free water
to remain after the absorption and hydration process have completed.
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 Slump test
160
Table 6: Slump test result 140
120
Sl no % of copper Slump (mm)

Slump in mm
slag 100
1 0 70
80
2 20 80
3 30 90 60

4 35 95 40
5 40 110 20
6 45 115
0
7 50 130 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
8 55 140 Copper slag %

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 Compressive strength test:
 The objective of the tests is to find the mechanical properties of concrete with copper slag as the
replacement of fine aggregate.

 The compressive strength of concrete cubes is determined at age of 7 and 28 days and three specimens
were tested for each mix and the mean values were reported as shown in table 7 and table 9

 From this table it is observed that compressive strength of concrete is increased upto 40% copper slag
replacement to fine aggregate and then the strength is decreased.

 However, from table it is observed that highest compressive strength was achieved by 40% replacement
of copper slag, which was found about 44.37 kN/m2 compared with 37.77 kN/m2 for the control mixture at
28days curing period.

30
 Table 7: 7 days Compressive Strength test result
Mix Area 7-day compressive strength Strength
Designat
A (cm2) P/A
ion Load P in kN
(N/mm2)

CS 0 225 630 600 645 27.77

CS 20 225 655 650 600 28.22

CS 30 225 650 660 630 28.74

CS 35 225 680 650 650 29.33

CS 40 225 700 720 775 32.51

CS 45 225 700 705 720 31.48

CS 50 225 680 680 690 30.37

CS 55 225 650 665 680 29.55

Graph of 28 days Compressive strength result

31
 Comparison of 7 days Compressive strength of copper slag and control mix concrete result

Table 8: Effect of CS on 7 days Compressive force

% of 7 days Compressive 7days Strength

Copper strength with Compressive gain in %
slag varying % of copper strength without
slag copper slag
20 28.22 27.77 1.59
30 28.74 27.77 3.37
35 29.33 27.77 5.31
40 32.51 27.77 14.58
45 31.48 27.77 11.78
50 30.37 27.77 8.56
55 29.55 27.77 6.02

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 28 days Compressive Strength test result:
Table 9: 28 days Compressive strength result

Mix Area 28 days Compressive Strength Strength

Designati
on A (cm2) P/A
Load P in kN
(N/mm2)
CS 0 225 850 870 830 37.77

CS 20 225 855 890 850 38.44

CS 30 225 885 880 875 39.11

CS 35 225 890 890 900 39.70

CS 40 225 995 1000 1000 44.37

CS 45 225 990 985 995 44.00

CS 50 225 970 960 975 43.03

CS 55 225 965 960 970 42.88

33
 Comparison of 28days Compressive strength of copper slag and control mix concrete result

Table 10: Effect of CS on 7 days Compressive force

% of 28 days Compressive 28 days Strength

Copper strength with varying Compressive gain in %
slag % of copper slag strength without
copper slag

20 38.44 37.77 1.74

30 39.11 37.77 3.42

35 39.70 37.77 4.86

40 44.37 37.77 14.87

45 44.00 37.77 14.15

50 43.03 37.77 12.22

55 42.88 37.77 11.91

34
 Chebyshev’s Theorem
Statement of Chebyshev’s Theorem

For any set of data, either sample or population, and a constant k where k > 1, at least p% of the data that lies
within k standard deviations of the mean where p = 1 – 1/k2
Observations
In order to apply Chebyshev’s Theorem, k > 1 .
This means that the values of a and b must be at least one standard deviation away
from the mean
Both a and b must be equidistant from the mean
For an interval of values (a, b), the number of standard deviation these values are
away from the mean is given by
k = b - µ/σ
where μ and σ are mean and standard deviation
a=µ-kσ b=µ+kσ
p = 1 – 1/k2 Graphical representation of Chebyshev’s Theorem
0.95 = 1 - 1/k2 k = 4.47
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 Uses of Chebyshev’s Theorem
 This theorem lets us know what the least we can say about the dispersion of data,

 The theorem applies to both sample statistics and population parameters.

 Chebyshev’s Theorem is similar to the empirical rule, but makes no assumption on the distribution of a set of data.

 This rule is often referred to as Chebyshev's theorem for the standard deviation range of the mean in statistics. The
inequality is very useful because it can be applied to any probability distribution that defines the mean and variance.
For example, you can use it to prove the weak law of large numbers.

 For every percentage of copper slag replacement 3 cubes were tested, therefore we obtain 3 compressive strength and
by these 3 compressive strength using relative formula mean µ and standard deviation σ is calculated

 For all the varying percentage, the ranges of compressive strength is calculated and tabulated in table 11. These
findings indicate that the inequalities of the Chebyshev can be used to make decisions in engineering
36
 Table 11: Result of Chebyshev’s Theorem

Mix Mean µ Standard Lower limit (µ Upper limit (µ Range

Designation deviation σ – 4.47 σ) + 4.47 σ)

CS 0 37.77 0.720 34.55 40.98 34.55 – 40.98

CS 20 38.44 0.790 34.90 41.97 34.90 - 41.97

CS 30 39.11 0.183 38.28 39.91 38.28 – 39.91

CS 35 39.70 0.210 38.76 40.63 38.76 – 40.63

CS 40 44.37 0.103 43.89 44.82 43.89 – 44.82

CS 45 44.00 0.183 43.17 44.80 43.17 – 44.80

CS 50 43.03 0.278 41.78 44.27 41.78 – 44.27

CS 55 42.88 0.183 42.06 43.62 42.06 – 43.62

37
 Conclusion
 The workability of concrete increases significantly with the increase of copper slag content in concrete mixes, this
was attributed to the low water absorption and glassy surface of copper slag thereby the strength properties are also
improved.

 From the above experimental results in compressive strength the concrete of M30 grade shows comprehensively good
results from the conventional concrete mix. Hence it is concluded that the use of copper slag up to 40% does not show
any harm to the concrete mix and can be taken as an alternate of fine aggregate

 Copper slag is partially replaced adorably from 10% up to 40% resulting a greater compressive strength than nominal
mix strength and that the optimum percentage replacement of copper in fine aggregate is inferred as 40%
 Beyond the replacement level of 40% of sand with copper slag in concrete, a decrease in strength was observed. Hence the
properties of concrete were evaluated up to a replacement level of 55%

38
 Replacement of Copper Slag as fine aggregate in concrete mixes reduces the cost of concrete
production.

 Copper Slag behaves similar to River Sand as it contains Silica similar to sand

 The density of concrete increases by addition of Copper Slag thereby increasing the Self-weight.

 The measured water absorption of Copper Slag (0.24%) is less than that of Natural Sand (1.2%).
This suggests that Copper Slag would demand less water than that required by natural sand in the
concrete mix. Therefore, it is expected that the free water content in concrete matrix will increase
as Copper Slag content increases, which consequently lead to increase in the workability of
concrete.

39
 Being an industrial waste copper causes bad effects on environment and using it as a
fine aggregate material in concrete this effect can be reduced and also can reduce
scarcity of good quality natural river sand due to depletion of resource and restriction
due to environmental consideration has made
 The construction industry is the only area for safe use of waste materials, which reduces
the environmental problem, space problem and cost of construction
 The utilization of Copper Slag in Concrete production provides additional
environmental as well as effective waste management technique for all the related
industries.

40
References:
[1] N.K.S. Pundhir, et al “Use of copper slag as construction material in bituminous pavements’’, Journal of Scientific &
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and building material, Elsevier vol-23 (2009).
[3] Al-Jabri, K. and Makoto Hisada. “Copper slag as sand replacement for high performance concrete”, Cement & Concrete
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[4] Brindha, D and Nagan, S. (2010). “Utilization of copper slag as a partial replacement of fine aggregate”. International
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[6] Hossam F. Hassan and Khalifa Al-Jabri “Laboratory Evaluation of Hot-Mix Asphalt Concrete Containing Copper Slag
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[7] Khalifa S. Al-Jabri, et al, “Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on the Properties of Cement Mortars and
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41
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[9] Alnuaimi AS, (2012), “Effects of Copper slag as a replacement for Fine Aggregate in the behavior and
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[10] Arunkumar.A, A.S.Santhi, G. Mohanganesh, “Various Utilization of Fly Ash and its Properties on Concrete
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[11]R R Chavan and D B Kulkarni, “Performance of copper slag on strength properties as partial replace of fine
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[12] Arivalagan.S, “Experimental Study on the Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams as
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[13] Binod Kumar “Properties of pavement quality concrete and dry lean concrete with copper slag as fine
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42
[14] K Balaji Rao, M B Anoop, Nagesh R Iyer “Application of Chebyshev and markov-type inequalities inStructural
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[15] Alinda Dey, Deepjyoti Dev, and Purnachandra Saha, “Use of Copper Slag as Sustainable Aggregate’’ ICSCI 2014 ©
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[16] Jayapal Naganur, Chethan B. A. “Effect of Copper Slag as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate on the Properties of
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[19] Binaya Patnaik , Sheshadri Sekhar, Srinivasa Roa “Relationship between the optimum usage of copper slag as fine
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[20] V. Sushma, Dr. T. Suresh Babu, K.V.Manikanta, M Anvesh Kumar “A Study on the Partial Replacement of Fine
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[22]Sumathy Raju, Brindha Dharmar “Mechanical Properties of Concrete With Copper Slag and Fly Ash By DT and NDT ”,
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[25]. Mr Zine Kiran Sambhaji , Prof. Pankaj B. Autade“Effect Of Copper Slag As A Fine Aggregate On Properties Of
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THANK YOU

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