CHAPTER 9:

Earth
9.1 The System and Structure of the Ear
Earth system consists of four main components
which are interconnected
HYDROSPHERE
- Water zone (river, lake, sea)
- Also include underground water and water
vapour in the atmosphere
ATMOSPHERE
- Air zone covering
the Earth’s surface
BIOSPHERE
- Life zone consists of variety life (human,
animals, plants, microorganisms)
GEOSPHERE
- Rock and soil zone on Earth’s surface
ATMOSPHERIC STRATIFICATION
- Contains light gas (He, H2)
- Communications satellite orbiting earth in
this layer
- Also known as ionosphere
- Aurora occurs here
- Burning and destruction of meteorites occur
- Aircraft flights stable in this layer
- Ozone layer (absorb harmful ultraviolet) is
found here,deplete when CFC break it down
- The layer where living organism breathes
and wind blows
- clouds, rain and snow form
 Empty bottle change
shape when taken down
Relationship Between the mountain
Air Pressure and
Altitude Chip bag puffed
up in the flight
OCEAN STRATIFICATION

Surface zone

Midnight zone

Dark zone
Surface zone - Water is very shallow
- Light can penetrate
- Suitable as a habitat
for plants
Midnight zone / Twilight zone
- Little or no light
- Difficult for plants to live
- Habitat for large marine
animals (giant squid, whale)
Dark zone - Very deep
- No light can reach it
- Most animals have
shimmering
bodies/glow in the dark
Distribution Of Water On Earth
- Water cycle
process is
continuous
- Total amount
of water is
always
constant
Ground water
also will discharge
into the sea
EARTH’S LAYERS

Three main layers:

- Crust
- Mantle (Lithosphere,
Asthenosphere, Mesosphere)
- Core (inner core, outer core)
Earth is the only Home
for Living Organisms
 SOLAR SYSTEM

- Suitable temperature (due to its position)

- Presence of water and oxygen
MARS

Scientist are searching for another

habitable planet for all life
9.2 Composition of the Earth
Earth’s crust is formed from various types of rocks

Metamorphic rock
Igneous rock
sedimentary rock
Types And Characteristics Of Rocks
1 2 3

Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock

- Form from cooling - Form by compression - Form when 1&2
and freezing of of deposited material exposed to very high
magma/lava - many layers pressure/temp
- Contains various - Hollow, have fossils - Harder than its
original rocks
minerals
The Process of Rock Formation
To be more clear
9.3 Main Processes of the Earth

EXOGENIC PROCESS ENDOGENIC PROCESS

- caused by forces from within the
-Occur on Earth’s surface earth
- forms and changes the earth’s
1.Weathering
surface
2.Erosion
3.Transport and Sedimentation 1.Mantle convection process
4.Mass and Land Depletion 2.Earth’s crust movement
3.Magma activity
EXOGENIC - Fragmentation and
decomposition
1. Weathering - Due to changes in
temperature, rainwater,
frosting and microorganisms
EXOGENIC - Eroding of earth’s surface
- By moving agents (water,
2. Erosion
wind, waves)
 - Material moved by agents
EXOGENIC (running water, wave)
3. Transport and - Material sediment when velocity
sedimentation of agents decreased
EXOGENIC - Soil movement from top of a
slope to below
4. Mass & land - Result of gravitational force
depletion
 ENDOGENIC
1. Mantle
Convection
process
- High temperature in
mantle and core produces
convection current
- Able to move Earth’s crust
 ENDOGENIC
2. Earth’s
crust
movement
- Earth’s crust is divided into several pieces of plates
(Theory of Plate Tectonics)
- Resulting in collision and divergence
 ENDOGENIC
3. Magma activity

- Volcanovent on the Earth’s crust

- Molten and hot magma flow out in a strong eruption
- Erupted material  form volcanic cones
9.4 Geohazard Phenomena
- Consequences of the endogenic process

1. VOLCANISM
9.4 Geohazard Phenomena
- Consequences of the endogenic process

2. EARTHQUAKE
9.4 Geohazard Phenomena
- Consequences of the endogenic process

3. TSUNAMI
Landslide
Global Warming

Sinkhole
Other
Geohazard
QUICKSAND
Usually occur in
wetlands
 ACID RAIN
Usually occur in
industrial area
Science and Technology Used to Prepare for Geohazards

SENSOR Placed on the slope of hills to give

SYSTEM early warnings of landslides
Science and Technology Used to Prepare for Geohazards

TSUNAMI
WARNING Placed at the shoreline to give
SYSTEM(TWS) early warning via satellite
Science and Technology Used to Prepare for Geohazards

EARTHQUAKE As an earthquake warning

DETECTOR system
9.5 Age of Earth
- Estimated to be 4.5
billion years
(based on meteorites
obtained)

- We live in the
period: Quaternary
Era: Cenozoic
FOSSIL Earth’s materials (plants, animals, insects)
which have been submerged and buried for a very
long period of time

Provide information about

• how species have evolved
over millions of years
• Species that have gone
extinct
• how species have evolved over millions of years
•Species that have gone extinct
Radiometric
dating /
Radiocarbon dating
/ Carbon dating
•Technique of determining the age of
rocks or carbon materials found on
Earths.
•Carbon-14 – element used to studying
the age of ancient artefacts
9.6 Earth Resources and Applied Geology
SURFACE WATER and UNDERGROUND WATER

- On the Earth’s surface - Aquifer fills up empty space (soil/rock)

- Can be polluted by waste - Can be polluted by fertilizer/pesticide
material (industrial/housing area) that absorb into ground
Economic Minerals
metallic minerals (iron ore,
tin, gold)

non-metallic minerals
rare earth minerals (exist
(coal, petroleum)
together with other rare
elements, unique
properties) i.e yttrium
Economic Minerals
metallic minerals (iron ore,
tin, gold)

non-metallic minerals
rare earth minerals (exist
(coal, petroleum)
together with other rare
elements, unique
properties) i.e yttrium
Metallic minerals Metals
Bauxite Aluminium
Haematite Iron
Cassiterite Tin
Malachite Copper
Galena Lead
Economic Minerals
metallic minerals (iron ore,
tin, gold)

non-metallic minerals
rare earth minerals (exist
(coal, petroleum)
together with other rare
How are they elements, unique
formed? properties) i.e yttrium
HOW ARE COAL FORMED?
HOW ARE PETROLEUM FORMED?
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS
Advantages:
Tourist
Spot
Hot Spring in
Sungai Klah,
Perak
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESS
Advantages:

Electricity
generators
 The Negative Effects
Of Unplanned Human Activities
EROSION
DEFORESTATION
Human FLASH FLOOD
AGRICULTURE Activities EXTINCTION OF
that are FLORA&FAUNA
INDUSTRIALISATION
not well- WATER, AIR, THERMAL AND
planned SOUND POLLUTION
OPEN BURNING
GLOBAL WARMING
CHECK YOUR ANSWER..

Summative
practice
9