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Descent
The Basic Building Blocks of Society
Family, Kinship, Descent
• The way in which people
behave toward one
another is based on they
perceive their role; this
role in most societies is
defined by whom one is
related to.
• As we shall see, many
aspects of kinship and
descent are socially
constructed, as is race.
Some New Terminology
• Affinals: relatives by marriage.
• Matrilineal descent: kin reckoned through the
mother’s lineage.
• Patrilineal descent: kin reckoned through the father’s
lineage.
• Bilateral descent: kin reckoned through both sides of
the family.
• Matrilocal: marriage residence at the mother’s family
house.
• Patrilocal: marriage residence at the father’s family
house.
What’s so special about family?
• A family is the basic unit
of the social group.
• Anthropologists are
interested in looking at
families and how they
reckon kin since kin
behavior has specific
rules in each culture.
Types of families
• Nuclear family (husband,
wife, offspring).
• Extended family (family
consisting of three or more
generations).
Other descent groups include:
• Lineages (“the family
line/tree”)
• Clans (groups assuming
common ancestry).
Muslims of Western Bosnia
• Nuclear families lacked autonomy.
• Several families were embedded in an extended
family household called a zadruga.
• Each zadruga is headed by a head male and his
wife (the senior wife).
• Each family has its own sleeping room, but all
material possessions are used by any member of
the zadruga. Zadrugas are patrilocal.
The Nayar of Southwest India
• A large and power caste that lives in large,
extended matrilineal families.
• The matrilineal compounds are called tarawads.
• Each tarawad is headed up by a senior woman.
• Marriage a formality; men would return to their
mother’s tarawad a few days after marriage.
• Nayar women frequently have multiple sexual
partners; biological fathers are not significant in
this particular kin system.
Industrial Nuclear Families: The
New Hunter/Gatherers?
• Offspring, once grown, leave the family of
orientation to begin their own family of
procreation.
• The new families are highly mobile, selling their
labor rather than their crops. Postmarital
residence is neolocal.
• Their mobility and emphasis on small,
economically self-sufficient family units make
industrial nuclear families similar to foragers.
Descent Groups
• Descent groups are permanent social units
whose members believe they have ancestors in
common.
• Descent groups are frequently exogamous.
• Unilineal descent is kin reckoning through one
side of the family (matrilineal or patrilineal).
• Bilateral descent reckons through both lineages.
Lineages and Clans
• Common to both types of descent groups is the
belief in an apical ancestor(s) (among Christians,
this would be Adam and Eve).
• Lineages differ from clans in that lineages use
demonstrated descent (the actual genealogy can be
cited).
• Clans have stipulated descent (they just say they are
related because they want to be!).
Kinship Terminology
Kinship Kin Group Residence Rule Economy
Terminology