BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHOEA

 BVD is a SUB ACUTE,ACUTE or

INAPPARENT contagious disease
characterized by
 HIGH
FEVER,DIARRHOEA,EROSIONS.
 Most Common-Young calves(6m-2yrs)
 Typical-Diarrhoea&Mucosal Lesions.
 Persistant infection develops when
NonCytopathic BVDV is Transplacentally
transferred during the 1st 4months(45-125d)
of Foetal development.The calf born infected
with virus,remains infected for life.
 Transplacental transmission that occurs later
in GP(125-170d) results-ABORTIONS,
Congenital Abnormalities or Birth of normal
calves showing Abs against BVDV.
 BVD-Distribution
 1st Report-USA-1946-Olafson
 Africa,AUS,India,Bangladesh,Pak,Burma,
Srilanka,Europe.
 In herds recently infected with pestivirus,
production losses of between 25 and 40%
have been recorded due to reduced
reproductive performance, death losses and
ill thrift.
 If pestivirus stays in the herd, annual
production losses between 5 and 10%
commonly occur
BVD-Etiology
 Genus-Pestivirus
 Family-Togaviridae
 Antigenically related –Hog Cholera
 Sensitive-Chloroform,Ether.
 Virus-2types-Cytopathic BVDV
 Non-Cytopathic
BVDV
• Reproductive disease

Classical swine
Bovine virus Border disease
fever virus (Hog
diarrhoea virus virus
cholera virus)
non-cytopathogenic virus

crosses placenta

Foetal infection
congenital damage Abortion
 BVDV
Two biotypes

NON-CYTOPATHOGENIC BVDV CYTOPATHOGENIC BVDV

 Calf born infected with BVDV-Remains
infective for lifetime-PERSISTANTLY
INFECTED.
 Transplacental infection that occurs later in
Gestation Period results in-ABORTIONS
 Congenital anomalies.
 Persistently infected Bovines-Shed large
quantity of BVDV in their Secretions
&Excretions and readily transmits virus to
susceptible HERD MATES
Transmission
 Trans placental transmission.
 Biting insects.
 Semen.
 Others sps-Pigs,Sheep,Goat&wild
ruminants.
 Pathogenesis
 Entry of Virus-Viraemia-Destroys
Lymphocytes
 -Leucopenia(Lymphopenia)-Affects Payers
patches-Afinity towards GIT mm& Buccal
mucosa.
 Formation of Lesions-GIT-DIARRHOEA.
 Trans Placental –REPRODUCTIVE FORM
 PI's result from cows being exposed to the
noncytopathic variant of the virus between
45 - 125 days of gestation in which case the
fetus fails to recognize the virus as a
foreign invader, allowing it to become 'self',
and letting the infection persist after birth.
 The resulting calves shed the virus, often in
great numbers, such that even well-
vaccinated animals may become infected.
PI individuals often do not exhibit any
symptoms of disease but are very
damaging to a herd.
 In the nonpregnant animal, exposure
to type 1 BVD will often lead to few or
no clinical signs, but will cause
immunosuppression and susceptibility
to other diseases,especially respiratory
pathogens.
 Exposure to a newly recognised type 2
BVD often causes severe disease with
thrombocytopenia and high mortality
rates.
 Symptoms
 ACUTE: Fever
 Anorhexia,Depression,
 Dyspnoea,Nasal
Discharges,Cough.
 Diarrhea-with in 3-4 d of onset of illness.
Watery&foetid diarrhoea-Dehydration.
 After diarrhoea-1-2 d-Oral lesions develops .
 Shallow ulcers-Gums,Dental pad,Hard
palate,Commisures.
 Death –Dehydration& weakness.

BVDV - immunosuppressive with mixed
infections

Respiratory Worse with BVDV!

infections
BVDV +other viruses (IBR+RSV)

+bacteria (P. Haemolytica))

Worse with BVDV!

Enteric BVDV +other viruses (corona & rota)

infections +bacteria (Salmonella etc)
REPRODUCTIVE FORM
 Early embryonic Deaths-Infertility.
 Mid GP-Abortions,Mummification
 Foetal congenital Abnormalites.-
 Cerebellar Hypoplacia,
 Optic neuritis,
 Micropthalmus
 Retenal Atrophy,
 Cleft palate,
 Infection of the pregnant dam

Early pregnancy (up to 45-120 days)

Early Embryonic Death, congenital loss,
Persistently infected animals
 BVD&MD Disease
BVDV Complex
in early
pregnancy
(45-125 D)
Cow and
calf
infected

Only dam Calf born

becomes persistently
immune infected (PI)

Fatal
Mucosal
disease
 BVD&MD Disease
BVDV Complex
pregnancy
(125-170d)

Cow and
calf
infected

Only dam
becomes
immune

ABORTIONS TERATO CALVES-

GENESIS AbS
STILL BIRTHS
 BVDV reproductive
disease
Later Stage of
GP(125-170days)

Stillbirths
Abortions/mummified
foetus.
Teratogenic effects

BVD PI calves
Sub Acute/Chronic BVD
 Intermittant Diarrhoea
 Chronic cough
 Bloat
 Emaciation
 Rough Skin coat.
 Oral lesions.
 Lesions at Interdigital space.
The Bull infected
 Can be PI

 Can be acutely infected

BVD&MD-Lesions
Normal bovine intestinal lymphoid
tissue

Discrete Peyer’s patch

Continuous Peyer’s patch

ileum
MD
 Intestinal lymphoid depletion

necrosis

MD
 Diagnosis
 Identification of Virus -VNT,CFT,IFT.
 Samples to be Collect-Nasal Swabs,
Blood,Faeces,
 Spleen&L.N-Dead Animals.
 FMD-Prominent vesicles
 JD-No foul smell in Diarrhoea
 Adult animals exhibits symptoms.
Treatment
 Fluid theraphy
 Astringents
 Broad spectrum Antibiotics.
Control
 Isolation
 Sanitation
 Early detection of PERSISTANTLY
INFECTED &condemnation.