Pressure System

Chapter 10

1
 Pressure
• Pressure = Force / Area

• Solids, Liquids and gases all exert pressure on

their containers

2
 Atmospheric Pressure
• Earth is surrounded by a layer of air

• Air can be found up to 100 miles above the

sea level

• Under normal conditions, the air exerts 14.7

psi at sea level

3
 Atmospheric Pressure at height
• At an altitude higher than sea level, the
column of air above it is less and therefore
exerts less pressure

4
 Hydrostatic Pressure (Liquids)
• The pressure at a given depth exerted by the
weight of a liquid on a unit area (plus any
pressure acting on the surface of the liquid)

Hydrostatic Pressure
= Density x Gravity x Depth + Patm

5
 Hydrostatic Pressure Example
For 1 foot of water:
Hydrostatic Pressure
= Density x Gravity x Depth + Patm
= 0.433 psi + Patm

For 15 feet of water:

Hydrostatic Pressure
= 15 x 4.33 psi + Patm
=6.49psi + Patm

6
 Specific Gravity
• Liquid other than water is measured using
specific gravity.
• Specific gravity indicates the lighter or heavier
of liquid compared to water
• Determine the weight of one- foot column of
liquid using its specific gravity and weight of
equivalent volume of water
• Multiply the density of one foot column of
liquid times the level of liquid

7
 Effect of Volume & Vessel shape on
Hydrostatic Pressure
• Volume has no affect on hydrostatic pressure,
neither does the shape of the vessel

8
Effect of Temperature on Hydrostatic
Pressure
• Increase in temperature expands the liquid
and decreases its density
• If the liquid is in an open vessel, the
hydrostatic pressure remains the same
• If the liquid is confined in
a closed vessel, the
pressure increases

9
 Pressure exerted by Gasses
• Gasses fill the volume of its container

• Exert equal pressure on all sides of the

container

• Increase in temperature increases the

pressure exerted by a gas in a sealed container

10
 Volume of gas container
• When the volume of an enclosed container is
decreased the gas is compressed. This action
is called compression.
• Compression results in increased pressure and
temperature
• Similarly when an additional amount of gas is
pumped inside a sealed container its pressure
increases

11
 Compressor
• Compressor can be used to pump gas in a
container

Container

12
 Vacuum pump
• Air can be pumped out of a container to
create vacuum or partial vacuum

Container

13
 Pressure Measurement Scales
• Gage pressure scale
• Absolute pressure scale
• Differential pressure scale
• Vacuum pressure scale

14
 Gage Pressure Scale (PSIG)
• Atmospheric pressure is the reference point
• If the sensing element is exposed to
atmosphere, the scale records zero

15
 Gage Pressure Scale (PSIG)
• Gage pressure can either be positive or
negative.
• Positive gage pressure scales measure
pressure above atmospheric pressure.
• Negative gage pressure scales measure
vacuum.

16
 Absolute Pressure Scale (PSIA)
• Vacuum is the reference point
• Only positive scale is possible

17
 Differential Pressure Scale (PSID)
• Used to express difference in pressure
between two measurements

• Can be used as a PSIG scale if one sensing

element is exposed to atmosphere

• Can be used as a PSIA scale if one sensing

element is exposed to vacuum
18
 Vacuum Pressure Scale (Hg)
• Atmospheric pressure is the reference point
• Reverse scale: Reads 0 Hg when measuring
pressure and reads 29.92 Hg when complete
vacuum

19
Comparison of Pressure Scales

14.7 PSIA 0 Hg 0 PSIG

0 PSIA 29.92Hg -14.7 PSIG

20
 Nonelectrical Pressure Sensors
• Liquid Column Gauges

• Mechanical Gauges

21
Liquid Column Gauges - Barometer

22
 Liquid Column Gauges - Manometer
• Can be used for absolute, gage, differential

23
 Liquid Column Gauges - Manometer
• Can be used for absolute, gage, differential

24
Mechanical Gauges- Bourdon Tube Gauge
• Consists of a C-shaped tube
• Tube is hollow, sealed at one end and open at the
other end.
• The open end is exposed to the pressure being
measured.
• Tube unwinds or straightens
depending on pressure
• Scale shows reading

25
 Mechanical Gauges- Diaphragm Gauge
• Uses a flat flexible material that bends or flexes when
exposed to pressure.

26
 Mechanical Gauges- Diaphragm Gauge
• Can be used for PSIA, PSIG and PSID

27
 Mechanical Gauges- Bellows Gauge
• Since diaphragm can have limited movement,
Bellows gauge uses a sensing device with pleated
walls similar to those in a harmonium

28
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
• Semiconductor Strain Gauges

• Transverse Voltage Strain Gauge

• Variable Capacitor Strain Gauge

29
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge
• The strain gauge is used to detect the strain
on a body caused by force.
• This device is typically constructed with a
Wheatstone bridge arrangement.
• The four resistive elements that make up the
bridge network are made of piezoelectric
semiconductors.
• The elements are bonded to a pressure-
sensitive diaphragm.

30
Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge

31
Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge

32
Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge

33
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge
• The R represents the resistor value without pressure
applied to the diaphragm.
• The Delta-R represents the change in resistance due to
an applied pressure.
• When pressure is applied, all four resistors’ elements
change the same amount.
• The elements are mechanically connected to the
diaphragm so that two of them compress while the
other two expand.
• The result is that the resistance of two elements
increases, and the resistance of the other two
decreases.

34
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge
• A pressure change causes the elements to
expand.
• A compressive strain on the diaphragm will
cause the element to contract.
• The distortion of the elements produces a
differential resistance change, which is
measured by applying a constant excitation
voltage to the bridge.

35
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge
• Variable resistors R1, and R2 are trim pots.
They are used to externally balance the
resistance of any element changes due to
component aging.
• The thermistor connected across R3 is used to
temperature compensate the bridge network
when the ambient temperature changes.

36
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Semiconductor Strain Gauge
• The sensitivity of semiconductor strain gauges
is 100 times that of wire strain gauges.

• Silicon has very good elasticity, which makes it

an ideal material for receiving an applied
force. Since it is a perfect crystal, it does not
become permanently stretched. Instead, it
returns to its original shape after the force is
removed.

37
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Transverse voltage strain gauge
• The transverse voltage strain gauge is a new
configuration.

38
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Transverse voltage strain gauge
• Current passes through a semiconductor
piezo-resistor from pins 1 to 3.
• Pressure stresses the diaphragm. The
deflection of the diaphragm causes the
resistor element to bend.
• As it does, a transverse electric field is
developed that is sensed as voltages at pins 2
and 4, which are located at the midpoint of
the resistor.

39
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Transverse voltage strain gauge
• The advantage of this type of strain gauge is
that it uses only one element.
• A single element eliminates the need to
closely match the four resistors of a
Wheatstone bridge design.
• It also simplifies the additional circuitry
necessary to accomplish calibration and
temperature compensation.

40
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Variable Capacitor Pressure Detector
• The variable capacitor pressure detector uses
two conductive plates oriented adjacent to
each other and separated by air.

41
 Electronic Pressure Sensors
Variable Capacitor Pressure Detector
• The entire capacitor sensor is sealed in a capsule
with the diaphragm exposed to the process
pressure.
• These transducers are economical, small, rugged,
vibration resistant, and accurate to within 0.2
percent throughout their entire range.
• These features make them well-suited for many
applications, and they are one of the most widely
used pressure transducers in the process
industry.

42
 Pressure Control Systems
• Hydraulic Systems
• Pneumatic Systems
• Vacuum Systems
• Static Pressure Systems
• Steam Pressure Systems

43
 Hydraulic Systems
• Many types of machinery used in the
manufacturing industry are powered by
hydraulic pressure.
• Most types of hydraulic systems recirculate an
oil-based fluid.

44
Hydraulic Systems

45
 Hydraulic Systems
• The motor-driven rotary pump acts as the energy
source of the system.
• It converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
• With each revolution of the pump, a fixed
amount of hydraulic fluid enters the inlet port
from the reservoir.
• The liquid is set into motion by being forced
through the outlet port into the system through
transmission pipes
46
 Hydraulic Systems
• A filter in the feed line is placed between the
reservoir and pump. In this position, it
removes any dirt particles or contaminants
from the oil before it enters the system.
• Its purpose is to extend the life of the system.

47
 Hydraulic Systems
• As fluid flows through the system, it encounters
resistance due to friction from surface areas of
the transmission lines and from various
components.
• The pressure is developed as fluid is forced
against the surface areas.
• Indicator instruments such as pressure gauges
and flow meters are placed throughout the
system to show different operating-conditions, or
to monitor the components in order to show they
are functioning properly.

48
Hydraulic Systems

49
 Hydraulic Systems
• The mechanical control of the hydraulic
system is achieved by a number of
components, such as directional valves, flow
control valves, and regulators. They provide
either full or partial control of system fluid.

50
 Hydraulic Systems
• The directional control valve, or four-way valve, alters the
directional flow path of the fluid.
• It consists of a valve body with four internal passages and a
sliding spool that connects and disconnects the passages.
• When the spool is moved to the extreme bottom position,
the pump port is connected to Port A, and the tank return
line is connected to Port B. Pressurized fluid enters the
cylinder at Port A and fluid is forced out of Port B into the
return lines, ‘causing the rod to extend.
• When the spool is in the extreme top position, the pump
port is connected to Port B and the tank return line to Port
A. Fluid enters Port B and exits Port 'A, causing the rod to
retract.

51
 Hydraulic Systems
• The double-acting cylinder is used to control a
punch press and it serves as the load device of
the system. It performs work by changing the
mechanical energy of hydraulic fluid into
linear motion that moves the ram of the press.
• Ports are located at each end of the cylinder
body through which fluid can enter and exit,
thus allowing the piston rod to move in two
directions. '

52
 Hydraulic Systems
• The hand shutoff is a flow control valve. By
turning the knob, the amount of fluid flow in
both directions can be adjusted between
maximum flow and no flow.
• When the valve is fully open, maximum fluid
will flow; when fully closed, no fluid will flow.

53
 Hydraulic Systems
• A pressure relief valve is connected between
the pump output port and the reservoir.
• It consists of a valve body and a spool that is
biased by a spring. When the pressure at the
pump end of the spool opposite the spring is
high enough, the spool is pushed open.
• A path is created for flow between the pump
and tank.

54
 Hydraulic Systems
• The purpose of the relief valve is to prevent
excessive pressure from building up in the
system.
• This function is accomplished by providing a
route for the fluid between the pump and tank
when the flow paths down stream are blocked.
• This situation would occur under the following
conditions: the cylinder is _fully extended or
retracted, the flow control valve is fully closed, or
the four-way directional control valve is in a
position that blocks flow to and from the cylinder.

55
 Pneumatic systems
• One of the major applications of pneumatic
pressure systems is on mass production
assembly lines.
• The compressed air of these systems provides
the power for industrial processes that require
high forces or high-impact blows to produce
products.

56
Pneumatic systems

57
 Vacuum systems
• Any enclosed space containing air or other gas
at a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure
is defined as a vacuum.
• Just as with compressed air, a vacuum
condition can be utilized to perform various
types of work applications.

58
Vacuum systems

59
 Vacuum systems
• A vacuum relief valve provides protection from an
excessive vacuum condition.
• The check valve installed between the vacuum pump
and tank allows air flow out of the tank. This one-
directional component prevents the backflow of air
into the tank.
• An intake filter is used to prevent foreign particles such
as dust or sand from entering the pump mechanism.
• A bottle-like tank called a liquid trap uses gravity to
prevent liquid materials from being sucked into the
pump.

60
 Static pressure systems
• Static pressure systems are also referred to as
hydrostatic.
• They are used for industrial applications where
fluids are distributed during the manufacturing
process.
• These fluids can include liquids, gases, or solids
(such as powders) that flow.
• Specifically, hydrostatic systems are used for
batch processing applications such as mixing or
blending operations that occur for a limited
period of time.
61
 Static pressure systems
• The pressure developed is the result of the fluid
source elevated above the working section of the
system.
• The fluid is usually held in a storage tank where it
is stored until it is needed.
• The depth and density of the fluid develop a force
at the bottom of the tank called static head.
• When the fluid is released, this pressure is
required for the distribution of fluids to locations
throughout the system.
62
 Steam pressure systems
• Steam pressure is used in industry for a variety of purposes.
• It is used as a heat source for food processing, chemical
processing, refining, or simply for warming the plant
facility.
• Steam pressure is also used to perform some types of
mechanical work, such as driving a turbine to generate
electricity.
• Steam pressure is developed by applying heat to water.
Water is transformed into a vapor, which creates a pressure
as it expands throughout the system.
• The energy source of the steam pressure system is a boiler.

63
Steam pressure systems

64