Industrial Process Control

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Controller

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On-Off Control

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 On-Off Control

• Output oscillate around set point

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On-Off Control: Differential Gap /
deadband

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On-Off Control: Differential Gap /
deadband

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On-Off Control: Differential Gap /
deadband

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On-Off Control: Differential Gap /
deadband

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Proportional Control

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Proportional Control

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Proportional Control

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 Proportional Control
• In a system that has a narrow proportional
band, the response to a disturbance is rapid.
• The temperature is adjusted to the set point
quickly.
• The response to a system with a wider
proportional band will take longer.

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 Proportional Control
• It would appear that the system with the
narrow proportional band is better because
the set point temperature would be restored
more quickly.
• However, the characteristic of a narrow
proportional band is that a system has a
tendency to oscillate.

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 Proportional Control
• When the system responds quickly, it tends to
overshoot the set point.
• The system tries to correct itself by shifting
the valve in the opposite direction.
• However, the system overshoots again in the
opposite direction.
• The oscillations normally die out,

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 Proportional Control
• If the proportional band is too small,
oscillations will not stop.
• A proportional band of zero percent will cause
the system to operate almost the same as the
On-Off control.

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 Proportional Control: Steady state
error
• Steady state error cannot be eliminated in
proportional control. Mainly due to changes in
load.

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Proportional Control: Steady state
error

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Proportional Control: Steady state
error

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Proportional Control: Steady state
error

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Proportional Integral Control

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Proportional Integral Control

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Proportional Integral Derivative
Control

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Proportional Integral Derivative
Control

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Proportional Integral Derivative
Control

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 Time proportioning control
• In this type of control a PWM wave is applied to
the actuators.
• It is suitable for actuators that can only turn fully
on or fully off & have don’t wear out due to
frequent switching.
• PWM allows to implement a gain similar to
proportional controller/PID controller to such
actuators.

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Time proportioning control

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