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PART
01
Operational Definition
• ACIDS (acidus: “sour or tart) • BASES (“to bring low”)
– Turns litmus paper red – Turns litmus paper blue
– React with active metal by – Feel slippery or soapy on the
dissolving metals producing H2 skin
– Corrosive to skin – Tastes bitter
– Taste sour (when diluted – Reacts with acids to form water
enough to be safely tasted) & salt
– React with bases/alkalis to
form water & salt
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION
◆Proton-Transfer Reaction
Bronsted- LowryTheory
•Bronsted-Lowry acid – Substances that donates a
proton (H+/H3O+) to other substances
(ii) It cannot explain the reactions between acidic oxides like etc
and the basic oxides like etc which take place even in the absence of
the solvent e.g.,
(iii) Substances like BF3, AlCl3 etc, do not have any hydrogen and
hence cannot give a proton but are known to behave as acids.
Lewis Theory
• Lewis acid – Substances that accepts a lone-pair (pair of
electron) from another molecule in completing the octet
e- pair/lone pair
Lewis e- pair/lone pair donor
acceptor
Compounds that have one more proton to give
– Example:
diprotic = H2SO4, triprotic = H3PO4
• Oxyacids (oxoacids)
– Acids with oxyanion/oxoanion (ions paired with oxygen)
• Carboxylic acids
– Acids that contain carboxyl groups (-COOH)
Binary Acid
◆Acids containing anions whose names end in -ide
are named by changing the –ide ending to -ic,
adding the prefix hydro- to this anion name, and
then following with the word acid
Anion Corresponding Acid
Binary Acid
– Group (H – X bond strength) : bond strength
decreases, acidity increases down a group
HCl > HF; H2S > H2O
– Row (H – X bond polarity): bond polarity
increases, acidity increases from left to right
CH4 < NH3 << H2O < HF
Relative Acid Strength
Relative Acid Strength
Oxyacid (oxoacid)
– Acids in which OH groups & possibly
additional oxygen atoms are bound to a
central atom
Y: metal (base)
Y: nonmetal (acid)
Relative Acid Strength
Oxyacid (oxoacid)
—Same # of O atoms, different Y
• Acidity increases as EN of Y increases
• HIO (EN = 2.5) < HBrO (EN = 2.8) < HClO (EN =
3.0)
—Same central atom Y, different # of O atoms
• Acidity increases as # of O attached to Y
increases
• HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
Relative Acid Strength
Carboxylic Acid
—Presence of electron withdrawing group (O, Cl,
N)
• Increases polarity; increases acidity
—Presence of electron donating group (C groups)
• Stabilizes the substance; decreases acidity
Carboxylic Acid
a. H2SeO4
b. KOH
c. (CH3)2CHCOOH
d. (CH3)2CHNH2
• Arrange the compounds in each of the ff series in
order of increasing acid strength:
1. AsH3, HI, NaH, H2O
2. H2SO4, H2SeO3, H2SeO4
3. Formic acid (HCOOH), chloroacetic acid
(CH2ClCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH)
PART
02
pH
Acid-Base Property of Water
(@ 25°C)=KW
Kw – ion-product constant of water
—Neutral: [H+] = [OH-] = 1.00×10-7 M
—Acidic: [H ] > [OH ]
+ -
•Qualitative
—Stronger acid have weaker conjugate
base
•Quantitative
—Ka×Kb = KW
Examples
1)Calculate the pH & % ionization:
a. 0.20 M HCN (Ka=4.9×10-10)
b.0.15 M NH3 (Kb = 1.8×10-5)
2) Calculate Ka & Kb
a. 0.10 M formic acid with pH = 2.38
b.0.035 M ephedrine (C10H15ON) with a pH = 11.33
Practice niacin