WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

BY: - S U YA SH K E DI A ( L008)
TAN ISHQ G UPTA( L006)
A N U BHAV M A HES HWARI (L 011)
 WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a specific end-
use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or
many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.

There are majorly three types of water treatment processes:-

1. LIME SODA PROCESS

2. ZEOLITE PROCESS

3. ION EXCHANGE PROCESS

4. MEMBRANE FILTRATION
MEMBRANE FILTRATION
•It is a technology that selectively separates materials via pores and minute gaps in the molecular
arrangement of continuous structure.
•They are classified by pore size and driving force.
•The various types are:-
1. Reverse Osmosis
2. Ultrafiltration
3. Electrodialysis
4. Nanofiltration
LIME SODA PROCESS
• Lime soda process is one of the water softener •In case of temporary water hardness the
systems. following reactions are take places:
• In this system calcium hydroxide and soda ash Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
are used as reagents.
Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 + MgCO3 + 2H2O
•By this process soluble magnesium and calcium
salts are removed as calcium carbonate and MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
magnesium hydroxide precipitated.
•In case of permanent water hardness the
• After removal of this precipitated, we obtain soft following reactions are take places:
water. Both temporary water hardness and
permanent water hardness are removed and CaSO4 + Na2CO3→ CaCO3 + Na2SO4
calculated by this method. MgSO + Na CO → MgCO + Na SO
4 2 3 3 2 4
•So quantity of lime and soda are calculated to MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Mg(OH)2 + CaCO3
effect water treatment.
ZEOLITE PROCESS
Zeolite process for water softening has become a When all sodium ions are replaced by calcium and
commercial success for the reason that zeolite can be magnesium ions, the zeolite becomes inactive. Then
easily regenerated. When Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions the zeolite needs to be regenerated. Brine solutions
containing hard water is passes through a bed of are passing through the bed of inactivated zeolite. The
sodium zeolite, the sodium ions are replace by the
following reactions are taken place and form Na2Ze.
calcium and magnesium ions.
CaZe + 2NaCl → Na2Ze + CaCl2
Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 → 2NaHCO3 + CaZe
MgZe + 2NaCl → Na2Ze + MgCl2
Na2Ze + Mg(HCO3)2 → 2NaHCO3 + MgZe
Na2Ze + CaSO4 → Na2SO4 + CaZe
Na2Ze + MgSO4 → Na2SO4 + MgZe
ION EXCHANGE RESIN METHOD
• Ion exchange water treatment system is one of the most common process and it works on the
basis of ion exchange principle.

•It removes the scale-forming calcium and magnesium and others metal ions from hard water. To
remove these ions water passes through ion exchange column filled with synthetic resin.

•There are two types of ion exchange column; cation exchange and anion exchange column.

•Depending on the application only cation exchange column or both ion exchange column are
used for water treatment.
CATION EXCHANGE COLUMN
The column that filled with the resins containing base
exchanging radicals are called cation exchange
column. Sodium or hydrogen cation exchangers are
generally used in this column. Hydrogen cation
exchanger is used to remove all cations from water
including sodium ion. The process of ion exchange will
continue until available cations are packed. Then it
should be need regeneration with suitable chemicals.
The following reactions are taken place in cation
exchange column.
2HR + Ca(HCO3)2 → CaR2 + 2H2O + 2CO2
2HR + 2NaHCO3 → 2NaR + 2H2O + 2CO2
2HR + MgSO4 → MgR2 + H2SO4
Regeneration: MgR2 + H2SO4 → 2HR + MgSO4
ANION EXCHANGE COLUMN
The column that filled with the resins containing acid
exchanging radicals are called anion exchange
column. Here OH- ion is exchanged for the anion. The
process of ion exchange will continue until available
anions are packed. Then it should be need
regeneration with suitable chemicals such as caustic
soda. The following reactions are taken place in anion
exchange column.
H2SO4 + 2R4NOH → (R4N)2SO4 + 2H2O
Regeneration: (R4N)2SO4 + NaOH → 2R4NOH +
Na2SO4
 CATION EXCHANGE COLUMN
•The column that filled with the resins containing base 2HR + Ca(HCO3)2 → CaR2 + 2H2O + 2CO2
exchanging radicals are called cation exchange column.
2HR + 2NaHCO3 → 2NaR + 2H2O + 2CO2
• Sodium or hydrogen cation exchangers are generally
2HR + MgSO4 → MgR2 + H2SO4
used in this column. Hydrogen cation exchanger is used
to remove all cations from water including sodium ion. Regeneration: MgR2 + H2SO4 → 2HR + MgSO4

• The process of ion exchange will continue until

available cations are packed. Then it should be need
regeneration with suitable chemicals. The following
reactions are taken place in cation exchange column.
 ANION EXCHANGE COLUMN
•The column that filled with the resins containing acid H2SO4 + 2R4NOH → (R4N)2SO4 + 2H2O
exchanging radicals are called anion exchange column.
Regeneration: (R4N)2SO4 + NaOH →
• Here OH- ion is exchanged for the anion. The process
of ion exchange will continue until available anions are 2R4NOH + Na2SO4
packed.

•Then it should be need regeneration with suitable

chemicals such as caustic soda. The following reactions
are taken place in anion exchange column.
CATION EXCHANGE COLUMN
•Cationic resins exchange their H+ ions for
cations in water.
•These resins have functional groups like –
SO3H+,-COOH-,OH.
•As water passes through cation exchange
column reaction takes place as:-
•R-H2 + MgCl2  R-Mg + 2HCl
ANION EXCHANGE COLUMN
•Anionic resins having functional groups –
NH2,=NH,OH exchange anions with water.
•The water from cation exchange column
passes to anion exchange column and reaction
takes place:-
•R1-(OH)2 + H2SO4  R1-SO4 +2H2O
•R1-(OH)2 + 2HCl  R1-Cl2 + 2H2O
CASE STUDIES
•https://www.thermaxglobal.com/water-treatment-and-waste-recycling-solutions-water-
purification-systems/pdf/dmbrochure.pdf
•http://www.bionicsro.com/demineralizer-plant.html
•https://envicaresystems.com/demineralization-water-treatment-plants-pune.html
•http://wteinfra.com/demineralisation-plant.html
WTE DM PLANT