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 Humans have a four-chambered heart

with two atria and two ventricles.

 The left side of the heart pumps and


receives only oxygen-rich blood, while
the right side receives and pumps only
oxygen-poor blood.

RA --> RV --> LUNGS --> LA --> LV --> Body


• Blood begins its flow with the right ventricle
pumping blood to the lungs.

 In the lungs, the blood loads O2 and unloads CO2

 Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the


heart at the left atrium and is pumped through
the aorta to the body tissues by the left ventricle.

 The aorta provides blood to the heart through


the coronary arteries.
 Blood returns to the heart through the
superior vena cava (deoxygenated
blood from head, neck, and forelimbs)
and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated
blood from trunk and hind limbs).

 The superior vena cava and inferior


vena cava flow into the Right Atrium -
RA.
A closer look at the mammalian heart
provides a better understanding of
double circulation.
 RIGHT side = deoxygenated blood
from body pumped to lungs.
 LUNGS = gas exchange.
 LEFT side = oxygenated blood from
lungs pumped to body.
 The heart contracts and relaxes in a
rhythmic cycle called the cardiac
cycle.
 The contraction, or pumping, phase
is called systole.
 The relaxation, or filling, phase is
called diastole.
 Blood Pressure = systolic / diastolic
The heart rate, also
called the pulse, is
the number of beats
per minute.
valves prevent backflow of blood in the heart:

 The atrioventricular (AV) valves separate each atrium


and ventricle.

 The semilunar valves control blood flow to the aorta


and the pulmonary artery.

• The left atrium receives the oxygen-rich blood from


the lungs where it passes through another valve known
as the Bicuspid valve or the Mitral Valve, then to the left
ventricle where blood is pumped into the aorta
 Collection of cells in the form of a fluid
by which oxygen and nutrients reach the
body’s cells and waste materials are
carried away.
 Carries hormones which control body
processes and cells that fight pathogens
and produce antibodies to fight invading
germs.
 Composed of PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS
 Types of cellular components:
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Thrombocytes
 An adult male may have 5.5 million red
blood cells per milliliter of blood as
compared to an adult female of about
4.5 million red blood cells.
 Contains protein known as Hemoglobin,
that bonds chemically to oxygen
molecules
 Red blood cells do not have
nucleus
 They live for about 120 days
 When worn out, they are
destroyed in spleen and liver
 White blood cells (Leukocytes)
 Colorless and do not contain
hemoglobin
 1-2:1000
 Irregularly shaped and has
nucleus
 White Blood Cells can move,
change its shape, and squeeze
through the walls of fine blood
capillaries
 Developed in bone marrow
 Matures in lymph organs and
nodes
 Thrombocytes – stops the
bleeding through blood
clotting
 Proteins in blood plasma form
long sticky strands of a
substance called fibrin

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