TOEFL

STRUCTURE & WRITTEN EXPRESSION

BY : NADYA ULFAH

Source : Longman COMPLETE COURSE for the TOEFL"TEST”

Skill 1 Skill 6 Skill 11 Skill 16 Skill 21

Skill 2 Skill 7 Skill 12 Skill 17

Skill 3 Skill 8 Skill 13 Skill18

Skill 4 Skill 9 Skill 14 Skill 19

Skill 5 Skill 10 Skill 15 Skill 20

Skill 22 Skill 27 Skill 32 Skill 37 Skill 42

Skill 23 Skill 28 Skill 33 Skill 38

Skill 24 Skill 29 Skill 34 Skill 39

Skill 25 Skill 30 Skill 35 Skill 40

Skill 26 Skill 31 Skill 36 Skill 41

STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
• First study the sentence.
• Then study each answer based on how well it completes the
sentence.
• Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the
answers.
• Never leave any answers blank.
• Do not spend too much time on the Structure questions.
 Clausa Overview
Clausa
( sekelompok kata yang
terdiri dari subjek “S” dan
kata kerja “V” )

Independet Clause (DC) Dependent Clause (DC)

( it has a subject, a verb, and (contains a subject and a verb, but it is
is a complete thought) not a complete thought)
- They join English Course - Because they will have a Toefl Test
 Sentences Overview

Sentences

Structure Nominal/verbal Active/ Passive

- Simple Sentences
- Compound Sentences
- Complex Sentences
- Compound-complex
sentences
 Sentences Structure
• Simple Sentence is formed by only one independent clause.
I went to the movies yesterday afternoon.

• A compound sentence is formed by two or more independent clauses

connected by coordinate conjunctions
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so: FANBOYS

I went to the movies last night, and I had a great time.

Independent clause conjunction + Ind. clause
• A complex sentence is formed by one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses.
They join toefl course because they will have a toefl test
Independent clause connector + Dep. clause

• A compound-complex sentence is formed by more than one

independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

I went to the movies, and I had a great time because the movie was terrific
Indep. Clause conj. + Indep. Clause + connector + Dep. Cl.
Structure Section
In TOEFL ( Number 1-15 ,multiple choice structure)
Sentences with one Clause
Skill 1- 5
Meeting 1
SKILL 1 : BE SURE THE SENTENCE HAS A
SUBJECT AND A VERB

• We were studying math together

S + V
• They watched a new movie last satursay night
S+ V
Example I
____ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning Example II
(C) Traffic Engineers____ for work on the new space program.
(D) Cars (A) necessary
(B) are needed
(C) hopefully
(D) next month

Example III
The boy _____ going to the movies with a friend.
(A) he is
(B) he always was
(C) is relaxing
(D) will be
 SKILL 2: BE CAREFUL OF OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

Definition object of a preposition (Op) :

Is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition.
such as (in, at, of, to, by, behind, on) and so on, to form a prepositional
phrase. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the subject.

If a word is Op, it is not the subject.

After his exams Tom will take a trip by boat.

Which one is subject ?
Which one is Op?
Example I
To Mike _____ was a big surprise.
(A) really
(B) the party
Example II
(C) funny
With his friend _____ found the movie theater.
(D) when (A) has
(B) he
(C) later
(D) when
Example III
In the past a woman in politics ____ common.
(A)Very
(B)Never
(C)Was not
(D)Have not
 SKILL 3: BE CAREFUL OF Appositive (App)

Definition APPOSITIVES : an appositive is a noun that comes before or

after another noun and is generally set off from the noun with commas
and has the same meaning.
If a word is an appositive, it is not the subject.

S APP V
Tom, a really good mechanic, is fixing the car

APP S V
A really good mechanic, Tom Is fixing the car

Sally, the best student in the class, got an A on the exam

Which one is subject ?

Which one is App?
Example I
____, George, is attending the lecture. Example II
(A)Right now ____, Abim rarely misses his basketball shots.
(B)Happily (A)An excellent basketball player
(C)Because of the time (B)An excellent basketball player is
(D)My friend (C)Abim is an excellent basketball player
(D)His excellent basketball play

Example III
______ standing next to the window, He grumbles with his book.
(A)While friends
(B)An old guy
(C)An old guy is
(D)He is an old guys
SKILL 4: BE CAREFUL OF PRESENT PARTICIPLES (Pr.Parc)

A present participle is the -ing form of the verb

(talking, playing, writing, studying, sleeping, painting, drinking)

NOTE ! NOTE !
a. Pr.Parc is part of the verb when it is preceded a. Pr.Parc is an adjective when it is not
by some form of the verb be accompanied by some form of the verb be
(am,is,are,was,were,have,has, be,been,being)
e.g The man talking to his friend is readimg a
e.g The man is talking to his friend (Pr.Parc is a part book (Pr.Parc is an adjective)
of verb)

1. The boy is standing in the comer.

2. The boy standing in the corner eats burger.

Which one is Pr.Parc as part of verb and as an adjective?

Example I
The film ____ appearing at the local theater is my favorite.
(A) now
(B) is
(C) he
Example II
(D) was
The radiation piercing the atmosphere __ of tanning or burning in humans
(A) it is the cause
(B) causing it
(C) is the cause
(D) the cause
Example III
On November 19, 1863, Abraham Lincoln, speaking from notes on an old __ the famous
Gettysburg Address in only two minutes time.
(A) gave the envelope
(B) envelope giving
(C) envelope, gave
(D) gift of an envelope
Example IV
Thomas Jefferson, __ a personally designed and constructed lap-top
desk, wrote the Declaration of Independence in the summer of
1776.

(A) he used
(B) had used
(C) the use of
(D) using
SKILL 5: BE CAREFUL OF PAST PARTICIPLES (Ps.Parc)

A past participle is the –ed / irregular past form of the verb

(watched, eaten, slept, drank, drunk)

Verb Adjective
The family has purchased a television The television purchased yesterday was
expensive
The poem was written by Paul. The poem written by Paul appeared in
the magazine

1. She painted this picture,

2. She has painted this picture.
3. The picture painted by Karen now is in a museum.

Which one is Ps.Parc as part of verb and as an adjective?

Example II Example II
The packages____ mailed at the post office will
The Mayflower Compact, signed
arrive Monday.
by the Pilgrims upon their
(A) have arrival in Massachusetts in
(B)were 1620, __ their political and
(C)them religious beliefs.
(D)just (A) the statement of
Example III (B) stating
The reactor core of a nuclear reactor (C) with a statement of
is housed in a steel vessel ___ by a (D) stated
thick layer of concrete.
(A) is surrounded
(B) it surrounds
(C) surrounds
(D) surrounded
Example IV
The Statue of Liberty, completed in
Paris in 1884, ___ in New York Harbor
in 1886.

(A) the unveiling

(B) to unveil
(C) it unveiled
(D) was unveiled
Written Expression Section
In TOEFL ( Number 16-40 ,written expression analysis)
Sentences with Multiple Clause
Skill 6- 10
Meeting 1
 SKILL 6: USE COORDINATE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

• One way to connect two clauses is to use and, but, or, so, of yet
between the clauses, with a comma (,)..

Tom is singing, and Paul is dancing.

Tom is tall, but Paul is short.
Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it.
Tom told a joke, so Paul laughed.
Tom is tired, yet he is not going to sleep.
Example I
A power failure occurred,____the lamps went out.
(A) then
(B) so Example II
(C) later Caffeine is primarily consumed in coffee
(D) next and tea, __ also found in cocoa, cola, and
other soft drinks.
Example III (A) but
Gustave Eiffel is famous for building Eiffel (B) but it
Tower, ____ for designing the framework
of the Statue of Liberty. (C) but it is
(A) he is remembered (D) it is
(B) is remembered
(C) yet he is seldom remembered
(D) yet remembered
SKILL 7: USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

I will sign the check before you leave.

Before you leave, I will sign the check.
 Example I
____ was late, I missed the appointment.
(A) I
(B) Because
Example II
(C) The train
(D) Since he Parent flamingos lose their intense pink
coloring until __
(A) weaning young
Example III
(B) their youths
A little fat is essential for humans___ retain
(C) they wean their young
body heat, gives muscles energy, and keeps
skin soft. (D) young
(A) as it helps
(B) although it
(C) it helps
(D) in helping
 I will leave at 7:00 if I am ready.
Although I was late, I managed to catch the train.
 SKILL 8: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY
• Definition : A noun clause is a clause that functions
as a noun;
• Position+Function :
• used in a sentence as an object of a verb
• an object of a preposition
• or the subject of the sentence.

Example :
1. I know When He will arrrive ( Noun Clause as object of verb)

2. I am concerned about When He will arrrive ( Noun Clause as an object of preposition)

3. When He will arrrive Is not important ( Noun Clause as subject of the sentence)
 Example I
Historical records __ were used in China for centuries
before spreading to Europe.
Example II
(A) suggesting that fireworks __ global climate is warming has been well
(B) fireworks documented.
(C) that fireworks
(D) suggest that fireworks (A) There is the
(B) It is the
Example III (C) The
__ __ floats or sinks is determined by its (D) That the
density rather than its weight.
(A) Whether an object
(B) An object if it
(C) Because an object
(D) An object
 SKILL 9: USE NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS CORRECTLY

In Skill 9 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not just a
connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at the
same time. Who, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever

Example :
1. I dont know What is in the box ( Noun Clause as object of verb)

2. We are concerned about Who will do the work ( Noun Clause as an object of preposition)

3. Whoever is coming to the party must bring a gift ( Noun Clause as subject of the sentence)
Example I
____was on television made me angry.
Example II
(A) It
The drastic decline of the beaver helps to illustrate
(B) The story
what __ to the ecosystems of the North American
(C) What
continent.
(D) When
(A) happening
(B) the happening
(C) has happened
(D) about happening
Example III
Environmentalists are earnestly trying to determine -
____ of the ozone layer over the poles.
(A) is causing the deterioration
(B) what the cause of the deterioration
(C) what is causing the deterioration
(D) the deterioration is causing
Example IV
__ such a challenging science is that all theory is
based on observations that cannot be replicated in a
controlled environment.
(A) It is astronomy
(B) Astronomy is
(C) What makes astronomy
(D) Why is astronomy
 SKILL 10: USE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY

• Definition : An adjective clause is a clause that describes a noun.

Because the clause is an adjective, it is positioned directly after the
noun that it describes.

Example :
1. The woman is filling the glass That she put on the table ( Adjective Clause)

2. The glass That she put on the table contains milk (Adjective Clause)
Whom Which That
(for people) (for things) (for people or things)

S V adjective clause S V
connector
I like the dress that you are wearing.

S adjective clause S V V
connector
The dress that you are wearing is beautiful.
 Example I
____is on the table has four sections.
(A) The notebook
(B) The notebook which
(C) Because the notebook Example II
(D) In the notebook Genes control all of the physical __ we inherit.
(A) that traits
(B) that are traits
(C) traits that.
(D) traits are that
Example III
Skin color is determined by a chemical called
melanin, __ in greater or lesser amounts.
(A) which human skin contains
(B) human skin contains
(C) in human skin contains
(D) there is in human skin
SENTENCES WITH INVERTED SUBJECTS
AND VERBS
HOW TO INVERT THIS ?
• He can go to the movies.
• Can he go to the movies?
• You would tell me the truth.
• Would you tell me....
• She was sick yesterday.
• Was she sick..
• He goes to the movies.
• Does he go.......
• You told me the truth.
• Did you tell....
 SKILL 11-15: Subject and verb inverted

1) In questions the normal order of subject and verb/aux. is inverted:

Yes/No questions: Information questions:

With verb “to be” Are you a teacher? Where are you?

With other verbs: Did you go to the beach? What did you do?
 2) Subject and Verb inverted after place expressions:

With verb “to be” With other verbs:

Around the corner is Sam’s house. In the closet are the clothes that you need.
Op V S Op V S

Rarely were they so happy. Not only did he pass, he got a 100.
V S V S V

For : “Negative words”

no, not, never, neither, nor, barely, hardly,
only, rarely, scarcely, seldom
 3)Invert the subject with conditionals (Implied Conditionals) :
When the conditional clause has: Had, should or were

Should + S + V base form: Were + S: Had + S + V base form:

(First Conditional)
If I should finish early, I’ll help you.
Should I finish early, I’ll help you.
(Second Conditional)
If he were here, he would help.
Were he here, he would help.
(Third Conditional)
If you had studied more, you
would’ve passed
Had you studied more, you would’ve
passed.
 Should + S + V base form: Were + S: Had + S + V base form:
(First Conditional) (Second Conditional) (Third Conditional)
If I should cook many foods, I’ll If they were studying hard, If we had practiced more, we
give you some. they would be success. would’ve passed

Should I cook................... Were they studying................ Had we practiced.................

• Where is she?
• Do you know where she is?
• Why does she cry?
• I confuse why She cries.
Example I
The lawyer asked the client why____it.
(A) did he do
(B) did he
(C) he did
Example II
(D) did
On the second level of the parking lot ...................
(A) is empty
(B) are empty
(C) some empty stalls are
(D) are some empty stalls
Example III
The report would have been accepted____in checking its accuracy.
(A) if more care
(B) more care had been taken
(C) had taken more care
(D) had more care been taken
 SKILL 11: MAKE VERBS AGREE AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

• All (of the book) was interesting. SINGULAR

• All (of the books) were interesting. PLURAL
• All (of the information) was interesting. UNCOUNTABLE
 Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols.
A B C D

Scientists at the medical center is trying to determine if there is a relationship

A B C
between saccharine and cancer.
D

The great digital advances of the electronic age, such as integrated

A
circuitry and a microcomputer, has been planted in tiny chips.
B C D
 SKILL 12: Parallel Structure
• Example:
(not balanced: wrong) I like to sing and dancing.
(balanced, correct) I like to sing and dance. or
I like singing and dancing

Parralel structure with conjunction : and, but, and or

They are not interested in what you say or what you do.
clause + clause
I’d like to go jogging and swimming for this weekend
gerund + gerund
Parralel structure with pair conjunction :
a. Both..and : I know both where you went and what you did
b. Either...or : The report you are looking for could be either in the file or
on the desk
c. Neither...nor : The tickets are neither in my pocket nor in my purse.
d. Not only....but also: He is not only an excellent student but also a great
athlete

Parralel structure with comparison:

a. more…..than : Red dress is better than yellow dress. Math is more difficult than
Biology
b. less….than : English is less difficult than Spain
c. -er….. Than : My school is farther than yours
d. as….as : Their car is as big as yours
e. the same as : This book costs about the same as the other book.
f. similar to : The book that I read is similiar to yours
 • Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery.
A B C D

• The U.S. Congress consists of both the Senate as well as the House of Representatives
. A B C D

• Manufacturers may use food additives for preserving, to color, to flavor,

A B C
or to fortify foods.
D
SKILL 13 USE COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES CORRECTLY

adjective Comperative + er / more Superlatives + est / most

Hard
Tall
Important
Cute
Beautiful
short
• The more children you have, the bigger the house you need.
• The harder you work, the more you accomplish.
• The greater the experience, the higher the salary.
The grizzly bear, which can grow up to eight feet tall, has been called a more
A B C D
dangerous animal of North America

Climate, soil type, and availability of water are the most critical factors than
A B C
selecting the best type of grass for a lawn.
D

Protein molecules are the most complex than the molecules of

A B C D
carbohydrates.
 SKILL 14 RECOGNIZE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE MEANINGS

THE FORM OF THE PASSIVE

BE + pas participle (BY + object)

Active Passive
We mailed the package at the post The letter was mailed by us today before noon.
office. The letter was mailed today before noon
Udin buys an expensive
smartphone.
The teacher and student are observing the
PROBLEMS WITH NOUNS
SKILL 15 USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUN

• Some common mistakes:

• On the table there were many dish*.
• The lab assistant finished every tests*.
.
• It should be:
• On the table there were many dishes*.
• The lab assistant finished every test*.
noun should be singular or plural :
SKILL 16 USE THE CORRECT SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUN

• Some common mistakes:

• He has seen much* foreign films.
• He didn’t have many* fun at the movies.

• It should be:
• He has seen many foreign films.
• He didn’t have much fun at the movies.
Keyword for countable and uncountable noun

Countable many number few fewer

noun
Uncountable much amount little less
noun
 SKILL 17RECOGNIZE IRREGULAR PLURALS OF NOUN

• The irregular forms that are the most problematic are plural forms
that do not end in s.

Different criteria was* used to evaluate the performers.

Different criteria WERE* used to evaluate the performers.
 SKILL 18 DISTINGUISH THE PERSON FROM THE THING

• Ralph Nader is an authorization* in the field of consumer

affairs
• There are many job oppotunities in accountant*

• Ralph Nader is an authority in the field of consumer affairs

• There are many job oppotunities in accounting *
 PROBLEMS WITH
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
SKILL 19 USE BASIC ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY

• Adverbs do three different things.

• They describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
 SKILL 20 USE ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS
• A linking verb is followed by an adjective rather than an adverb
She looks nice.
S l.v adj

Be careful, however, because the adjective that goes with the linking verb does not
always directly follow the linking verb.
SKILL 21 POSITION ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS CORRECTLY

• The information important* is on the first page.

NOUN ADJ

• He has taken recently* an English course.

ADV. OBJECT

• Recently he has taken an English course.

• He has recently taken an English course.
• He has taken an English course recently
 SKILL 22 DISTINGUISH MAKE AND DO

• Make often has the idea of creating or constructing. The following

expressions show some of the possible uses of make:

• She likes to make her own clothes.

• Would you like to make a cake for dessert?
• If you make a mistake, you should correct it.
• He was unable to make a response to the threat.
• Do often has the idea of completing or performing. The following
expressions show some of the possible uses of do:

• This morning she did all the dishes.

• The students are doing the assignments.
• The janitors did the work they were assigned.
• You can do your laundry at the laundromat.
 SKILL 23 DISTINGUISH LIKE, ALIKE, AND UNLIKE
LIKE + ALIKE = HAVE THE SAME MEANING

a. Zaldy and Fajar are alike.

b. Imelda and Fatimah studied in a like major.

LIKE + ALIKE = HAVE THE SAME MEANING

a. Alike sebagai predikat adjektif yang menjelaskan Zaldy + Fajar. it

can only be used after to be
b. Like sebagai adjective yang bertempat sebelum noun.
• Because they are prepositions, they must be followed by objects.
• John is (like Tom).
• John is (unlikeTom).
• The prepositions like and unlike can also be used at the beginning of a
sentence.
• (Like Tom), John is tall.
• (Unlike Tom), John is tall
 SKILL 24 DISTINGUISH OTHER, ANOTHER, AND OTHERS

BE CAREFUL WITH
• (1) if it is singular or plural
• (2) if it is definite (the) or indefinite (a, an), and
• (3) if it is an adjective (it appears with a noun) or if it is a pronoun (it
appears by itself)

BE CAREFUL WITH
• ANOTHER : to an indefinite, singular idea
• OTHERS : used only as a plural pronoun (not accompanied by a noun)
• OTHER : In all other cases, other is correct
• OTHERS CITIES