Q.

18 MACAW : A Media Access Protocol for Wireless LAN’s

Introduction ‡
Based on MACA, a Multiple Access Collision
Avoidance protocol. ‡Initial attempt to deal with
WLAN challenges. ‡Four key main observations: „
The relevant contention is at the receiver not the
sender. „Congestion is location dependent. „
Learning about the contention level must be a
collective enterprise. „The media access protocol
should propagate congestion
 Hidden Terminal
‡Station B can hear both A and C, but A and C
can’t hear each other. ‡Happens when station
C attempts to transmit while A is transmitting
to B. ‡Station “A” is hidden from station C.
 Hidden Terminal
• ‡Station B can hear both A and C, but A and C
can’t hear each other. ‡Happens when station
C attempts to transmit while A is transmitting
to B. ‡Station “A” is hidden from station C.

A B C
 Q:19 BTMA
BTMA protocol : BTMA protocol it stands for Busy Tone Multiple Access
Protocol.
The transmission channel is split into:
-Data packet transmission: A data channel
-Busy tone signal: A control channel
*When a node is ready for transmission , it senses to channel to check
whether the busy tone is active.
If, not it turns on busy tone signal and starts data transmission, otherwise
it reschedule the packet for transmission after some random rescheduling
delay.

*Any other nodes which senses the career on the incoming data channel
also transmit the busy tone signal on the control channel.
Hence, Where a node is transmitting, no other node is two hope
neighborhood of the transmitting node is permitted to simultaneously
transmit
Fig: BTMA protocol

N5 N3
N1
N2

N4
 Q:20 When a node is transmitting
• In wireless ad hoc networks, nodes are
interdependent. One node needs the
assistance of neighboring nodes to relay the
packets or messages it wants to send to the
receiver(s). Therefore, nodes are in the
situation where they have to relay packets,
but have at the same time to manage the
energy they spend for helping other nodes,
and therefore exhibiting selfish behavior.
 Performance Analysis of CSMA and BTMA Protocols in Multi
hop Networks

• Busy tone multiple access protocols have been used in multi

hop networks to reduce the effect of the hidden terminal
problem. This paper demonstrates another approach to
reduce the effect of the hidden terminal problem namely the
use of multiple channel schemes. A protocol that uses both
the busy tone and the multiple channel techniques achieves
the best performance. Using a Markov chain model and an
approximation, the throughput performance of the multiple
channel non persistent CSMA protocol and the multiple
channel conservative BTMA protocol in a large network is
evaluated and compared. The results show that the
multichannel CSMA and BTMA schemes exhibit a better
performance over their single channel counterparts in a multi
hop network.
 21. What is a busy tone?

• A busy-tone based directional MAC protocol

for ad hoc networks. Abstract: In mobile
wireless ad hoc networking environments,
such as the future combat system (FCS), the
shared wireless communication medium is an
inherently limited resource and is collision
prone.
Explain the purpose of two busy tones used in DBTMA protocol.

The transmitter, upon sensing the busy tone, sends the data packet to the
destination. The busy tone serves two functions: to acknowledge the channel
access request and to prevent transmissions from other nodes. RI-BTMA was
proposed to be used in the slotted manner.

E
 Describe the working procedure of DBTMA protocol

The operation of the DBTMA protocol is based on the RTS packet

and two narrow-bandwidth, out-of-band busy tones. With the
use of the RTS packet and the receive busy tone, which is set up
by the receiver, our scheme completely solves the hidden- and
the exposed-terminal problems.
—In ad hoc networks, the hidden- and the exposed-terminal
problems can severely reduce the network capacity on the MAC
layer. However, MAC schemes using only the RTS/CTS dialogue
cannot completely solve the hidden and the exposed terminal
problems, as pure “packet sensing” MAC schemes are not safe
even in fully connected networks. We propose a new MAC
protocol, termed the dual busy tone multiple access (DBTMA)
scheme.
• We propose here a new MAC protocol, termed
the Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA), and
we evaluate its performance. In DBTMA, two
busy tones are used to separate the use of the
forward and the reverse communication
directions. Our simulations show that the
network utilization of DBTMA is about twice as
that of RTS/CTS-based schemes. We also discuss
the effect of nodal mobility on the network
utilization in packet radio networks, concluding
that it is negligible under normal operational
conditions.
 Explain different operating states of DBTMA
protocol.
MAC protocol and the MACW protocol for use in MANETs. There
is an another protocol which is called the DBTMA protocol which
is also very popular. So, the MAC protocol or the MACW are
single channel protocols; that means, that you know the entire
bandwidth is treated as a single pipe. So, DBTMA belongs to the
multi channel plus of MAC protocol. So, in DBTMA what happens
is the entire pipe the bandwidth is basically fragmented or split
into multiple channels. Some of these channels are used for
sending the control packets. Whereas, the other channels are
used for actually sending the data packets out. So, this is how
collision is reduced with the help of splitting of the channels into
multiple sub channels.