Three Phase Synchronous Machine

Synchronous machine is an a. c. machine

Three forms 1. Synchronous Motor
2. Syn Generator or Alternator
3. Syn Condenser
Main Two windings: 1. Armature winding
a) Similar to stator wdg of Ind. m/c.
b) Distributed ac winding.
c) Absorbs or imports ac power- Motor
d) Delivers or exports ac power - Generator
2. Field winding
a) Similar to field wdg of dc machine
b) Concentrated dc winding.
c) Always absorbs or imports dc power
whether Motor or Generator
Therefore, syn. m/c is a DOUBLY excited ac m/c.
Armature winding is connected to ac source.
Field winding is connected to dc source.
 WINDINGS
The windings in rotating electrical machine can be
be classified as
a) Concentrated winding
b) Distributed winding
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer

Magnetic axis
Φ

primary secondary
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer
Top view of wdg

primary secondary
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg of transformer
Top view of wdg

primary secondary

If wdg is cut, vartically, conductors can be viewed

Another example is of field wdg
of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made
with insulation
Another example is of field wdg
of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made
with insulation

Φ
Another example is of field wdg
of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made
with insulation

Φ
 N

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
 N

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
 Now if the pole is cut, the front view
will be as shown below

Flux Path
through rotor
and stator core
Pole
b) Distributed winding:
The wdg turns are arranged in several FULL- PITCH
or fractional-pitch coils.
The coil are housed in the slots spread around the
air gap periphery to form phase or commutator wdg.
For example
Stator and rotor of Induction machines
The armature of synchronous machines
The armature of DC machines
3. Layer Winding:
If one coil side occupies the total SLOT area, then it
is called as Single Layer Winding.

Two coil sides

per slot

If the slot contains even number of coil sides, then the

winding is called as Double Layer Winding.
1 3 5 7 are numbered ODD
Top coil sides
(Top Layer)
Bottom coil sides
(Bottom Layer)
2 4 6 8
Four coil sides per slot are numbered EVEN
concentrated windings are windings in which all the coil sides of a given phase
are concentrated in a single slot under a given pole. In distributed winding, conductors
are placed is several slots under single pole.

The distributed winding is the distribution of conductors each slot equally. The
conductors are placed under several slots. The distributed winding reduces the
armature reaction and helps in better cooling. In these windings, the induced emf is
less, but it is more sinusoidal in nature than concentrated windings.
Singly excited vs Doubly Excited
As its name "Doubly" suggests that two coils are required to
produce mechanical output force. ... The synchronous motor,
alternators, dc machines etc. are the examples of doubly excited
system

Singly excited magnetic system is one which has only one

source of excitation, examples are electromagnetic relays,
moving-iron instruments, reluctance motors etc. .

Induction machine is a singly-excited machine as only the

stator windings are to be directly energized.
Third winding: Damper or ammortisseur winding
a) Similar to compensated winding of dc
machine, housed in the pole shoe.
b) But short circuited similar to squirrel cage wdg
c) Damps the rotor oscillations.

Rotor material: Chromium-Nickel –Molybdenum

steel=High tensile strength.
Two types:
Construction
1. Salient pole or Projecting 2. Cylindrical rotor or Round
pole type syn m/c rotor or Non-salient type
syn m/c
D-axis D-axis
Xd=d-axis syn Uniform
reactance air gap
Xd = Xq

Q-axis Q-axis
Xq=q-axis
syn
reactance
Salient pole
Non-uniform air gap, Xd ≠ Xq Cylindrical rotor
Construction
There are two types of
cylindrical rotor
1. Parallel slot rotor
Pole (1/3 without slot)
Air gap
Xd ≠ Xq
Xq/Xd ≠1

Xq/Xd = 0.95
to 0.98
Parallel sided slots
Construction

2. Radial slot rotor

pole

Radial sided slots

 Construction
1. Salient pole syn m/c 2. Cylindrical rotor syn m/c
The Differences are:
1.

Salient pole Cylindrical rotor

 Construction
2. Non-uniform air gap Uniform air gap

3. Xd d-axis syn reactance X =X =X

d q s
≠ Xq q-axis syn reactance

4. Poles > 4 Poles ≤ 4

5. Used in LOW speed m/c HIGH speed machine

6. Small core length, large Long length, small diameter

diameter to accommodate to limit large centrifugal
large no of poles. forces due to high speed.
7. Hydro-generator in
Turbo-generator in
which rotor is driven
which rotor is driven by
by Hydro-Turbine is
Steam-Turbine.
designed with this pole.
8. Under fault, there are Under fault, there are less
more chances of chances of deformation of
deformation of rotor due rotor due to uniform air gap.
to non-uniform air gap.

9. Output waveform is not Output waveform is more

sinusoidal nearer to sine wave.
(more harmonics)
10. Output Power
E f Vt Vt
2
 1 1  E f Vt
P Sin     Sin 2 P Sin 
Xd 2 X  Xd
 q Xd 
=Electromagnetic Power =Electromagnetic Power
+ Reluctance Power

P P
Sin
Sin

90  90 
80 to 85 Sin2
Usually field wdg is on rotor and armature wdg on stator

Armature wdg
R1

Y2 B2 Brushes

Shaft

B1 Y1 2 Slip rings
Field wdg
R2
Usually field wdg is on rotor and armature wdg on stator

Armature wdg + – DC ON
R1

Y2 B2 Brushes

Shaft

B1 Y1 2 Slip rings
Field wdg
R2
Flux is set up
If rotor is rotated by Prime Mover
or by Motor or by Turbine
Usually field wdg is on rotor and armature wdg on stator
Generator Armature wdg
R1 + – DC ON

Y2 B2 Brushes
Spark
Shaft

B1 Y1 2 Slip rings
Field wdg
R2
Arm Voltages
t
If speed is zero, no arm voltage is induced.
 If DC supply is turned OFF

R1 + – DC ON

Y2 B2 Brushes

Shaft

B1 Y1 2 Slip rings
R2
 If DC supply is turned OFF

R1

Y2 B2 Brushes

Shaft

B1 Y1 2 Slip rings
R2
With no flux, if rotor is rotated, no arm voltage is
induced.
Now consider armature wdg is on rotor and field wdg
on stator

R1 Armature
Y2 B2 wdg
B1 Y1
R2

Field wdg
 DC supply is
given to
R1 field wdg
Y2 B2
B1 Y1 Flux is
R2 set up

Rotate the arm

By prime mover
 Armature
Voltage t

Generator

DC supply is
given to
R1 field wdg
Y2 B2
B1 Y1 Flux is
R2 set up

Rotate the arm

By prime mover
 Armature
Voltage t

Generator

DC supply is
given to
R1 field wdg
Y2 B2
B1 Y1 Flux is
R2 set up

Rotate the arm

by prime mover
Armature wdg

RYBN

Shaft

4 Slip rings

Field wdg
Armature wdg
+ – DC supply Given to
Field
RYBN

Shaft

4 Slip rings

Field wdg
 Now rotate the rotor
Armature wdg
+ – DC supply Given to
Field
RYBN

Shaft

4 Slip rings

Field wdg
 Now rotate the rotor
Armature wdg
+ – DC supply Given to
Field
RYBN

Shaft

4 Slip rings

Field wdg
t
Arm Voltages
 Armature wdg
+ – DC supply Given to
Field
RYBN

Shaft

4 Slip rings

Field wdg
t
Arm Voltages No speed, arm voltage is zero.
The advantages of providing the field winding on rotor
and armature winding on stator:
1. Field on rotor requires TWO slip rings.Armature on
rotor requires FOUR slip rings. Less slip ring losses.
2. It is economical. For example:
Rating of armature=200MVA, 11kV
200 103
Line current   10,500 A
3 11
For this current, slip rings should be larger in size and
properly insulated from the shaft for 11kV.
Rating of field=1MW, 500V
1000
Field current   2000 A
0.5
 Slip rings should be smaller in size and are insulated
for 500V only.
3. Stationary armature can be INSULATED satisfactory
for higher voltages, ie upto 33kV.
4. Stationary armature can be COOLED more efficiently
upto 1000MW or above.
5. Low power field wdg gives LIGHTER rotor, so LOW
torque is required to rotate the rotor .
6. Higher speed and more output are possible for a
given dimensions.
 Assignment 16
1. Justify T/F, Synchronous Machines are DOUBLY excited ac m/c.
2. What kind of material required for medium and high graded
TPSM?.
3. What is the application of damper winding in TPSM?
4. How the TPSM are classified based on rotor? Explain.
5. Justify True or False: Xd ≠ Xq in TPSM.
6. Justify T/F : Maximum Power is always at 90 degrees in TPSM
7. Explain, the difference between Cylindrical rotor and projected
pole rotor TPSM.
8. What are the advantages that Usually field winding is on rotor
and armature winding is on stator

October 04, 2019 Friday