Basic Principles by H Kumar-3

Geo-Mechanics
Basic Principles
by
Harinandan Kumar
Basic Principles
Most materials have an ability to resist and recover from deformations produced by
forces.
This ability is called elasticity. It is the foundation for all aspects of rock
mechanics. The simplest type of response is one where there is a linear relation
between the external forces and the corresponding deformations. When changes in
the forces are sufficiently small, the response is (nearly) always linear. Thus the
theory of linear elasticity is fundamental for all discussions on elasticity.
The theory of elasticity rests on the two concepts stress and strain. The region of
validity for linear elasticity is often exceeded in practical situations.
In petroleum related rock mechanics, much of the interest is furthermore focused
on rocks with a significant porosity as well as permeability. The elastic theory for
solid materials is not able to fully describe the behaviour of such materials, and the
concept of poroelasticity has therefore to be taken into account. The elastic
response of a rock material may also be time dependent, so that the deformation of
the material changes with time, even when the external conditions are constant. The
elastic properties of porous materials and time-dependent effects are described
respectively.
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Stress
Consider the situation shown in Fig. 1.1. A weight is resting on the top of a pillar.
Due to the weight, a force is acting on the pillar, while the pillar reacts with an
equal, but reversely directed force. The pillar itself is supported by the ground.
Hence the force acting at the top of the pillar must be acting through any cross-
section of the pillar. The area of the cross-section at a) is A. If the force acting
through the cross-section is denoted F, then the stress σ at the cross-section is
defined as:
The SI unit for stress is Pa (= Pascal = N/m2).

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Stress
In the petroleum industry, “oilfield” units like psi (pounds per square inch) are still
extensively used, such that one needs to be familiar with them. The sign of the
stress σ is not uniquely defined by the physics of the situation, and has therefore to
be defined by convention. In rock mechanics the sign convention states that
compressive stresses are positive. The historical reason for this is that the stresses
dealt with in rock mechanics are mostly compressive. The sign convention causes
no problems when consistently used, but it is important to remember that the
opposite sign convention is the preferred choice in some other sciences involving
elasticity, and that it is also occasionally used in rock mechanics.
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The stresses acting on the square are shown on the figure. The square is at rest,
hence no net translational or rotational force can act on it. While no translational
force is already ensured, no rotational force requires that:
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FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS
a) All stress axes are mutually perpendicular
b) Shear stress are zero in the direction of principal stress
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Mohr Diagram 2-D
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Mohr Diagram 2-D
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Strain
If a bar is subjected to a direct load, and hence a stress the bar will change in length. If the
bar has an original length L and changes by an amount dL, the strain produce is defined as
follows:
Strain is thus, a measure of the deformation of the material and is a non dimensional
Quantity i.e. it has no units. It is simply a ratio of two quantities with the same unit.
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Conversion Formula
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Problem 1:
A short post, constructed from a tube of concrete, supports a compressive load of 24.5
metric tonnes as shown in Figure. The inner and outer diameters of the tube are 91 cm
and 127 cm, respectively, and its length is 100 cm. The shortening of the post is measured
as 0.056 cm. Determine the axial compressive stress and strain in the post. The
effect of post’s weight is neglected. It is also assumed that the post does not buckle under
the load.
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Problem 2:
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Problem 3:
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Problem 4:
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Problem 7:
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Problem 8:
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In-Situ Stress
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In-Situ Stress
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In-Situ Stress
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In-Situ Stress
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In-Situ Stress
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In-Situ Stress
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In-Situ Stress
Bounds on the in-situ stresses
= Pore Pressure
= Critical Borehole Pressure at Fracture
= Cohesive Strength
= Angle of Internal Friction

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Problem 9:
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In-Situ Stress
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Stresses around boreholes
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Problem 10:
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Problem 11:
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Problem 12:
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Self Studies…………………
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Failure Criteria
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Geo-Mechanics

The SI unit for stress is Pa (= Pascal = N/m2).

= Critical Borehole Pressure at Fracture

= Angle of Internal Friction

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