Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
BUSINESS
Session-2
Basics of What, Why and How of
LNG
What is LNG?
Physically Gas at ambient conditions in gaseous form
When gas is required to be transported for more than 1500 miles LNG becomes an
economically viable options vis-à-vis pipelines
LNG value chain
How LNG is made?
LNG Liquefaction Plant Schematic
Compressor
LNG
Pre- Liquefaction
Gas from treatment Plant LNG Tank
wells
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Sulphur compounds LNG Ship
C3+ compounds
Mercury
LNG Technology suppliers
• Energy
required for
liquefication is
major op. cost
Energy • Typically 8-
efficiency 10% of gas
processed is
consumed as
internal energy
• Type of
refrigerant
Indicator used and
cooling curve
for give an
energy indication
about energy
efficiency efficiency
LNG Storage
• Double walled
• Filled with insulation between walls and gap under vacuum
Tank
construction
• Generally classified by the type of containment system e.g. single containment, double containment or full
containment
• Choice depends on space availability
Type of tank
• Generally tank size is such that it can load/unload one full shipload of cargo. Thus, it is linked to size of ships used
for transport
• Normally multiple number tanks are used to facilitate loading/unloading operation independent of normal operations.
Number and
size of tank
Typical Single/Double containment tank
Typical Full containment tank
Typical Underground tank
LNG Transfer-To& From ships
Loading/Unloading arms
LNG Ships
• Sea water or water/glycol mixture could be used in a closed loop so no cold water
discharge may be required
Closed loop • Such loops may also integrated with nearby gas turbine power plant or cold storage
vaporiser for cold energy recovery
3 BTU Calorific value or quantum This is old British unit but is quite commonly
of energy supplied/used used in LNG business.
Normally it is shown as MMBTU meaning
million BTU