Dr Jawad Saleem

Power Electronics: Power electronics is the technology associated with the

efficient conversion and control of electric power by using power semi
conductor devices.
Power Electronics is used to change the characteristics (voltage and current
magnitude and/or frequency) of electrical power to suit a particular
application.

Goal : To control the flow of energy from electric source to electric load.
Control is invariably required. Power converter along with its controller
including the corresponding measurement and interface circuits, is also
called power electronic system.

Power input Power output

Source Load
Power
Vi ii io Vo
Converter
Electric Motor
Electric utility
light
battery Measurements
heating
other electric energy source Controller other electric equipment
power converter
Reference power converter

Range of power scale :

milliwatts(mW) megawatts(MW) gigawatts(GW)
 The objective of power electronics is how to use electric power, and
how to use it effectively and efficiently, and how to improve the quality and
utilization of electric power.
 Power electronics and information electronics make two poles of modern
technology and human society: information electronics is the brain, and
power electronics is the muscle.
 The success of PE depends on
◦ High energy efficiency.
◦ Reliability.
◦ The size weight and cost should be low.
Not possible to achieve all of these there are tradeoff.
High efficiency Low heat requirements Small package Size come down
LINEAR POWER SUPPLY

SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY

MODERN SMPS
Modern SMPS requirements

 Compact and light weight

 High energy density and energy
efficiency
 Low Electromagnetic Interference

Fig. 1

Challenges Power Transformer

 Selection of suitable converter topology Line Filter

 Influence of parasitic elements and PCB

layout
 Proportional relationship between switching
frequency and switching loss in Fig. 2
semiconductor devices
6
 Systems& Signal
Circuit Ct Control theory processing
theory
Control Simulation &
computing
Electric theory Power
machines electronics electronics

electr oni
Power Solid state
systems cs physics
Electromagnetics
electr
 High energy efficiency due to lower loss in the power semi conductor devices.
 High reliability of the power electronics converter.

 Long life and less maintainence.

 Pay back time.
 Fast dynamic response of the power electronics system as compared to electro/
mechanical converter systems.

 Increasded power density.

 Advances in the power semiconductor devices had resulted in the in low cost.
 PE equipment has tendency to generate harmonics in the supply as well as in
the load.
 Power semiconductor devies are the most important componemt of the power
electronic equipment.
 Power diodes (or rectifiers)
• Bipolar transistor – 1948
◦ Power BJT (bipolar junction transistor) - 1960
 Thyristor or SCR (Silicon controlled rectifier) -
1957
• Power MOSFETs (Metal oxide semiconductor
 field effect transistor) - 1970
– IR 400V 25A power MOSFET 1978
• IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) –
1990
– a hybrid between a MOSFET and a BJT
 How can the circuit change the voltage level and yet
Dissipate low power.
 Circuit elements R , L , C are passive elements.
 BJT , MOSFET etc are active elements.
 R consume power whereas L , C donot consume power.

 Power loss in the BJT = Vce x Ic

◦ In active region Vce is high.
◦ In Saturation region Vce is low = Vce (sat)
◦ Power loss very low.

 Conclusion
 In a PE Equipment in order to have high efficiency we need to use L and C
and operate the semi conductor/ active device in the saturation mode and cutoff
mode.
 CASE1
 Dissipated realization
 Using resistor divider network.

I
10A
+
Vg + 50V -

+ Ploss=500W R V
100V - 5Ω 50V
-
Pin=1000W Pout=500W
 CASE2
 Use Transistor in the active region.

I
+ 50V - 10A
+
Vg linear amplifier Vref
-
+ R V
+ And base driver
100V - 5Ω 50V
Ploss≈500W -
Pin≈1000W Pout=500W
 CASE3
 Use switch.
 The average value Vt = Vg T1/T1+T2
 Turn on loss across the switch is zero.
 Power loss is zero.
I
10A
1 + +
Vg 2
Vs(t) R V(t)
+
100V - 50V
- -

Vs(t)
Vg

0
switch t
T1 T2s
position:
1 2 1
  Types of Power Electronics Circuits
Uncontrolled Rectifier Converts single phae or 3 Phase DC source for electronics converter
AC to DC AC to fixed DC

Controlled Rectifier Convert single phae or 3 Phase DC motor speed control form an AC
AC to DC AC to variable DC source. Speed control of portable
power tools.

DC Choppers Converts fixed DC voltage to a DC motor speed control form DC

DC to DC variable DC voltage source.
Switching power supply

AC voltage Controller Converts a fixed AC voltage to Light dimmer switch

AC to AC variable voltage source at same Speed control of domestic appliances
frequency Smooth starting of Induction motors

Inverters DC to AC Converts a fix DC voltage to Uninterupted power supply

fix/variable single or 3 phase AC Speed control of three phase AC
voltage source and frequency motors
Induction heating

Cyclo-Converter AC to Converts a fixed voltage and Speed control of AC motor

AC frequency AC to variable voltage Constant frequency source for
and frequency AC Aircraft
Transportation
◦ Electric/ Hybrid Electric
Vehicles
◦ Electric Locomotives
◦ Electric Trucks, Buses,
Construction
◦ Aircraft power systems
◦ Ship power systems
Industrial/ Commercial
◦ Motor drive systems
◦ Electric machinery and
tools
◦ Pumps/ compressors
◦ Process control
◦ Factory automation
Consumer Products
– Air conditioners/ Heat
pumps
– Appliances
– Computers
– Lighting
– Telecommunications
– Uninterruptible power
supplies
– Battery chargers
 Utilities
– Line transformers
– Generating systems
– Grid interface for alternative
energy
– resources (solar, wind, fuel
cells, etc.)
– HVDC
– Solid state transformer
– Solid state fault current limiter
– Solid state circuit breaker
It is estimated that in developed countries now 60% of
the electric energy goes through some kind of power
electronics converters before it is finally used.
Power electronics has been making major
contributions to:
--better performance of power supplies and better
control of electric equipment
--energy saving
--environment protection
reduction of energy consumption leads to less
pollution
reduction of pollution produced by power converters
direct applications to environment protection
technology
 Power semiconductor switches are heart and soul of the power
electronics equipment. The devices are operated in the switching mode.
 The switches used to control the load when the switch is ON maximum
power is delivered to the load. When it is OFF no power is delivered to
the load. The ideal switch does not waste power in either position
efficiency is 100 %.

 The semi conductor switches are operated at higher frequencies to

convert and control electrical power with high efficiency and
resolution.
 Properties of an ideal switch.
 It turns off in zero time.
 In on state voltage drop across it is zero.
 When it is off the current through it is zero.
 It dissipates zero power loss.
 Additionally
 When on it can carry large amount of current.
 When off it can block high voltage.
 It uses little power to control its operation.
 Highly reliable and low cost.
