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• This lecture deals with the heuristic rules that expedite the
selection and positioning of processing operations as
flowsheets are assembled.
• These rules are based on experience and hold in general,
but should be tested (e.g., by simulation) to ensure that
they apply in the specific application.
• Later, we will see how algorithmic methods are used to
improve on design decisions.
Lecture 3 – Objectives
O OH OH
CH2 - CH2 + H2O CH2 - CH2 (R.2)
Example:
Distribution of Chemicals 3:8
… or after reaction...
Clearly, the ease and cost of the separations must be assessed. This
can be accomplished by examining the physical properties upon which
the separations are based, and implies the use of simulation
Distribution of Chemicals 4:8
Heuristic 4: Introduce liquid/vapor purge streams to
provide exits for species that
enter process as impurities in the feed
produced by irreversible side-reactions
when these species are in trace quantities
and/or difficult to separate from other species.
Kinetic data
HR ko
Reaction 3 2
E/R (oR)
Btu/lbmole lbmole/(hr ft atm )
1 -4,800 206,000 13,600
2 -79,200 11.7 3,430
3 -91,800 4.6 x 108 21,300
Example: Allyl Chloride 2:2
9.60E-04
9.70E-04
9.80E-04
9.90E-04
1.00E-03
1.02E-03
1.01E-03
9.70E-4 < 1/T < 9.85E-4
-0.8
ln(k)
-1.2
ln(k1)
-1.6 ln(k2)
1/T (980<T<1042 deg R) ln(k3)
EtOAc
HOAc
Reaction
zone
EtOH
H2O
EtOH + HOAc EtOAc + H2O
Separations 1:3
Heuristic 9: Separate liquid mixtures using distillation and
stripping towers, and liquid-liquid extractors,
among similar operations.
Attempt to cool
reactor products
using cooling water
Separations 3:3
Heuristic 11: Separate vapor mixtures using partial
condensers, cryogenic distillation, absorption
towers, adsorbers, and/or membrane devices.
Combination of the
previous two flowsheets
Heat Transfer in Reactors 1:5
Although heat transfer in reactors is better discussed in the
context of heat and power integration, it is treated here because
many methods dealing with heat transfer in reactors also affect
the distribution of chemicals. First, exothermic reactors.
excess reactant
an inert diluent
cold shots
Heat Transfer in Reactors 3:5
Heuristic 22: For less exothermic heats of reaction, circulate
reactor fluid to an external cooler, or use a
jacketed vessel or cooling coils. Also, consider
the use of intercoolers.
Heat Transfer in Reactors 4:5
Example: TVA design for NH3 synthesis converters
Heat Transfer in Reactors 5:5
Endothermic reactors are treated similarly: