GENERAL

FIRST AID
FIRST AID
An immediate care given to a
person who had been injured or
take ill while waiting for medical
assistance.
 ROLE OF FIRST AID
To bridge the gap between the
victim and physician.
OBJECTIVES
•Alleviate suffering
•Prolong Life
•Do no further harm
GUIDELINES IN GIVING
EMERGENCY CARE

A - ask for help

I - intervene
D - do no further harm
 LEGAL ASPECT
CONSENT:
Actual Consent
Implied Consent
Parental Consent
DO’S
•OBTAIN CONSENT
•THINK OF THE WORST
•RESPECT VICTIM’S MODESTY AND
PRIVACY
DON’T’S
•DO NOT LET THE PATIENT SEE HIS
OWN INJURY
•DO NOT MAKE UNREALISTIC
PROMISES
EMERGENCY
ACTION PLAN
I. SURVEY THE SCENE
FIVE PRIORITIES IN SAFETY
You
Fellow rescuer
By-standers
Victim
Properties
I. SURVEY THE SCENE
QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER
•Is the scene safe?
•What happened?
•How many people injured?
•Are there by-standers who can help?
•Identify as a trained first aider.
II. DO A PRIMARY SURVEY
OF THE VICTIM

A -airway
B -breathing
C -circulation
III. ACTIVATE MEDICAL
ASSISTANCE (AMA)
Information to be relayed:
What happened?
Number of persons injured.
Extent of injury and first aid given.
Telephone number from where you
are calling ( be the last one to drop
the phone)
IV. DO A SECONDARY
SURVEY OF THE PATIENT
Interview the patient:
-symptoms
-allergies
-medication
-previous/present illness or history
-last meal taken
-event prior to accident
IV. DO A SECONDARY
SURVEY OF THE PATIENT
Check vital sign:
•Pulse rate
•Respiratory rate
•Temperature
•Skin color
•Blood pressure
BASIC
LIFE
 Basic Life Support

RESPIRATORY ARREST – a condition

when the respiration or breathing
pattern of an individual stops to function,
while the pulse and circulatory may
continue.
 RESPIRATORY ARREST
CAUSES:

•Choking
 RESPIRATORY ARREST
CAUSES:

•Electrocution
 RESPIRATORY ARREST
CAUSES:

•Strangulation
 RESPIRATORY ARREST
CAUSES:

•Drowning
 RESPIRATORY ARREST
CAUSES:

•Suffocation
 MANAGEMENT
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (AR) –
A way of breathing air to a
person’s lungs when normal
breathing ceased or stopped to
function.
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
•MOUTH TO MOUTH
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
•MOUTH TO NOSE - Used when
there is major
trauma to the face
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
•MOUTH TO STOMA (tracheostomy tube)
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
•MOUTH TO MOUTH AND NOSE
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
•MOUTH TO BARRIER DEVICE

One way
valve
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

-Maximum head tilt chin method or jaw

thrust for suspected spine injury victim.

LLF –Look, Listen and Feel

 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

-Normal breathing, coughing, or movement

in response to rescue breaths.

- Mouth to Mouth, Mouth to Nose, Mouth

to Stoma, Mouth to Barrier Devices
 ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

- Full, at a moderate speed, 1.5-2 seconds of

rescue breathing.

10-12 breaths per minute, or 2 breaths within

5 seconds per cycle.
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF
RESCUE BREATHING (RB)
•Apply rescue breathing (RB) for 10-12
times per 2 breaths within 5 seconds.
•Give at least 5 rescue breaths for no
pulse and no breathing victims.
•Side lying first for drowning victim about
10 seconds before beginning CPR
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPR - Is a lifesaving technique useful
in many emergencies, including
heart attack or near drowning, in
which someone's breathing or
heartbeat has stopped.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CPR can keep oxygenated blood
flowing to the brain and other vital
organs until more definitive medical
treatment can restore a normal
heart rhythm.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
The objective is to delay tissue
death and to extend the brief
window of opportunity for a
successful resuscitation without
permanent brain damage.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
RB + External Chest Compression =
CPR
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
BEFORE STARTING CPR :
•Is the scene safe?
•Is the person conscious or unconscious?
•Ask for help; Call 9-1-1
•OBSERVE PROPER POSITIONING
(kneel next to the person’s neck and
shoulders)
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
CHECK THE ABC’s OF LIFE:
Airway Breathing Circulation

•PROCEED TO CPR IF THE VICTIME HAS

NO BREATHING AND NO PULSE.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
1. Open airways – tilt the chin and
open the mouth.
2. Begin with 5 initial rescue breathing and
observe the rise and fall of the chest.
*if there is no rise and fall of the chest,
proceed to Foreign Body Airway Obstruction
Mgt.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
3. Perform 30 chest compressions and
2 rescue breathing.
 EXTERNAL CHEST OR CARDIAC
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION AREA
- lower half of
sternum/ center of
the chest.
 EXTERNAL CHEST OR CARDIAC
COMPRESSION
DEPTH
rd
-1/3 of the
circumferential
size of the chest
 EXTERNAL CHEST OR CARDIAC
COMPRESSION
Rate of Compression
- at least 100 beats per minute
Ratio of Compression Over Rescue
Breath
- 30:2 (30 chest compression : 2 RB)
 EXTERNAL CHEST OR CARDIAC
COMPRESSION
Number of Cycle Per Minute
- 5 cycles
How to compress
- 2 heels of hand, one over the
other parallel to the lower half of the
sternum
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
4. Repeat up to 5 cycles
(30 CC and 2 RB = 1 cycle)
5. Check the victim’s ABC
6. Continue CPR until there are signs of
movement or the EMS take over.
 WHEN TO STOP RESCUE BREATHING?
• When the patient has spontaneous breathing;
• When the first aider is too exhausted to
continue;
• When medical arrives and takes over.
• When the physician assumes responsibility or
declares the victim extinct or dead.
FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
CAUSES:
• Improper chewing of large pieces of food.
• The presence of upper and lower dentures.
• For children- running/talking/laughing while
eating.
• Swallowed foreign bodies.
 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
CLASSIFICATION:
• Partial obstruction with good air exchange
- Patient can cough, can breath, can speak
• Partial obstruction with poor air exchange
- Ineffective coughing, high pitch noise
during breathing
• Complete airway obstruction
- Cannot speak, talk and cough
 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
First Aid Management:

1. Determine airway obstruction

2. If the patient is able to cough forcefully,
encourage the victim to cough until the
object dislodge.
 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
First Aid Management:

3. If the victim has weak and ineffective cough

with high pitch noise during inhalation, perform
Abdominal Thrust (Heimlich Maneuver) until
the object dislodged or the victim becomes
unconscious.
 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
Heimlich Manuever
 FOREIGN BODY AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION
MANAGEMENT
First Aid Management:

For unconscious victim:

1. SHOUT “Help, ask to call 9-1-1”
2. Assist victim to lying position.
3. Remove object carefully by finger sweep
HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
- A condition in which the oxygen supply to some
part of the muscle of the heart (myocardium) is
cut off/ inadequate period of time.
HEART ATTACK (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION)
Warning Signal of Heart Attack:
• Chest pain
• Uncomfortable pressure
(squeezing, crushing, tightness of the chest)
• Profuse sweating
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Difficulty of breathing
 CARDIAC ARREST
- A condition when the person’s breathing
and circulation/ pulse sudden stop at the
same time.
 CARDIAC ARREST
SYMPTOMS:
• Chest pain
• Blackout
• Loss of consciousness
• Extreme palpitation
 RISK FACTORS FOR CADIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
NON- MODIFIABLE
•Heredity
•Age
•Sex
 RISK FACTORS FOR CADIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
MODIFIABLE
•Cigarette smoking
•High cholesterol intake
•High blood pressure
 RISK FACTORS FOR CADIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
•Obesity
•Lack of exercise
•Diabetes
 FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
1. Recognize the signal of heart attack and
take emergency action.
2. Have the victim stop what he/she doing
3. Place the victim in comfortable position
4. Activate medical help
5. If patient is under medication, assist
him/her in taking medicine.
 WRONG CPR
•Rocker
•Bouncer
•Bender
•Jerker
•Double crosser
CHAIN OF SURVIVAL
SOFT TISSUE
INJURIES
 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
WOUNDS
A break in the continuity of the
skin either internal or external.
It may allow bacteria to enter the
body, causing an infection.
 TYPES OF WOUNDS
CLOSED WOUNDS
•The skin is intact and the underlying tissue
is not directly exposed to the outside.
CLOSED WOUNDS
 CLOSED WOUNDS
CAUSES:
1. Blunt objects result in contusion or
bruises.
2. Application of external forces such as
vehicle accident.
 CLOSED WOUNDS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
1. Pain and tenderness
2. Swelling
3. Discoloration
4. Hematoma
5. Vomiting
6. Passage of blood in the urine
 CLOSED WOUNDS
FIRST AID:
R - rest
I - ice application
C - compression
E - elevation
S - splinting
 CLOSED WOUNDS
•Control bleeding by applying an ice pack
over the area >20 minutes.
 TYPES OF WOUNDS
OPEN WOUNDS