CHAPTER 2:

INTELLECTUAL
REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
PREPARED BY: BRYAN A. PICART, RM, RN, IVT, MM-PM, NT
LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Articulate ways by which

society is transformed by
Science and Technology.
 REVOLUTION THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECT
CRADDLES OF EARLY SCIENCE
INFORMATION REVOLUTION
 REVOLUTION
It is any rapid, far-reaching or
violent change in political, social
or economic structure of society.
Ex. Industrial Revolution in the mid
18 century which caused massive
th

economic and social changes.

 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
It is the period of enlightenment when the
developments in the fields of mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry
transformed the views of society about
nature.
It is very significant in the development of
human beings, transformation of the society
and in the formulation of scientific ideas.
 IDEAS OF KNOWN
INTELLECT
COPERNICAN
DARWINIAN
FREUDIAN
 COPERNICAN
Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolaj Kopernik in
Latin) is a Polish Astronomer.
He believed that the Sun, not the Earth, is
the center of the Solar System.
For 30 years, he worked on the hypothesis
that the rotation and the orbital motion of
the Earth were responsible for the apparent
movement of the heavenly bodies.
 COPERNICAN
Copernican caused the paradigm shift
of how the earth and sun were placed in
the heavens/universe. It is the idea that
rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the
center of the solar system) and proved
the heliocentric model (Sun is the center
of the solar system having the earth
revolving around it.)
 COPERNICAN
In his published book, “On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”,
he wanted a model of the universe in
which everything move around a single
center at unvarying rates. He placed the
Sun to be the centerpiece of the
universe.
 COPERNICAN
In his model, he outlined two planetary
motion:
1. The orbits of Venus and mercury lay
inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer
to the Sun.
2. The orbits of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter
lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, farther
from the Sun.
 DARWINIAN
Charles Robert Darwin is an English
scientist who developed the Modern Theory
of Evolution and proposed with Alfred
Russel Walace the Principle of Natural
Selection
After research in South America and the
Galapagos Island, he published ON THE
ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF
NATURAL SELECTION.
 DARWINIAN
He explained the evolutionary process
through the PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL and
SEXUAL SELECTION. This theory of Natural
Selection concerned the variation existing
between members of a sexually reproducing
population. Those member with variations
better fitted to the environment would be
more likely to survive and breed,
subsequently passing on these favorable
characteristics of their offspring.
 DARWINIAN
Darwinian has brought a great impact on
how people approach Biology forever.
This revolution provided a different than
the “Theory of Creation“ in the Bible
(Genesis).
The Darwinian revolution started when
Charles Darwin published his book "The
Origin of Species" that emphasizes that
humans are the result of an evolution.
 DARWINIAN
2 books that gave birth to the Darwinian
Revolution: On the Origin of Species and
The Descent of Man
On the Origin of Species (1859) –
presented evidence on how species
evolved over time.
The Descent of Man (1871) – introduced
the idea of all organic life under the realm
of revolutionary thinking.
 FREUDIAN
Sigmund Freud is an Austrian physician
who pioneered the study of the
unconscious mind. He developed the
methods of free association and
interpretation of dreams that are basic
techniques of psychoanalysis.
The influence of unconscious forces on
people’s thoughts and actions.
 FREUDIAN
This theory has started to revolutionize
Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This
includes the "Freudian Theory of
Personality" that involves the human
development contributes to his/her
personality and also his "psychoanalysis"
that is the process for achieving proper
functioning if a human does not complete
his/her developmental stage.
 FREUDIAN
Developed an observational method to
study human's inner life; focuses on
human sexuality and evil nature of man.
2 methods of psychoanalysis : Stream of
consciousness and Free association
3 aspects on effects of Freudian
revolution: Literature, Visual Arts and
Music
 CRADLES OF EARLY
SCIENCE
MESO-AMERICAN
ASIAN
MIDDLE EAST
AFRICAN
 MESO-AMERICAN
It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries
for Archaeology.
Archeology – (“archia” which means
“ancient things”). It is the study of
prehistory and history based on the
examination of physical remains.
Ex. The temples and pyramids left a lot
about of Architecture that leads us to study
more of it.
 MESO-AMERICAN
Mesoamerican Civilizations: Mayan, Inca
and Aztec
Contributions of Mayan Civilization:
Astronomy incorporated in temples or
religious structures, prediction of
eclipses, use astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting, Mayan
hieroglyphics, concept of zero.
 MESO-AMERICAN
Contributions of Inca civilizations:
Irrigation system, first suspension bridge,
temples and fortresses made of stone and blocks.
“Quipus” or knotted cords, medicine and
advance surgery were practiced and dead were
mummified.
Roads paved with stones and stone buildings
that surmounted earthquakes and other
disasters.
 MESO-AMERICAN
Contributions of Inca civilizations:
Calendar with 12 months to mark their
religious festivals and prepare for
planting season.
Inca textiles since cloth was one of the
specially prized artistic achievements.
 MESO-AMERICAN
Contributions of Aztec civilization:
Chocolate, canoe, mandated children to
get education and anti-spasmodic
medication.
Architecture, jewelry (gold, jade and
turquoise), sculpture and textile.
Religious rituals include human sacrifice.
 MESO-AMERICAN
Contributions of Aztec civilization:
Chinampa – a form of Aztec technology
for agricultural farming in which the land
was divided into rectangular areas
surrounded by canals.
Aztec calendar which enable them to
plan their activities, rituals and planting
seasons.
 ASIAN
The revolution itself taught Asian
countries about freedom and
independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.
Happened in India, China and Middle
East.
 ASIAN
Contributions of India:
Medicine, astronomy, 360 days with 12
equal parts of 30 days, math, mohenjo-
daro ruler, trigonometry, gravity as a force
of attraction & mathematical analysis.
Siddhanta Shiromani – ancient text with
topics including like longitude and latitude
of planets, eclipses, paths of sun and
moon.
 ASIAN
Contributions of India:
Susruta Samhita – Text on surgical
procedures from Ancient India.
Aryabhatiya – Indian astronomer and
mathematician who introduced number
of trigonometric functions, tables and
techniques and algorithms of algebra.
 ASIAN
Contributions of India:
Brahmagupta - suggested that gravity
was a force of attraction and explained
the use of zero as both a placeholder and
a decimal digit along with Hindu-Arabic
numeral system, that is now used
universally throughout the world.
Madhava – founder of mathematical
analysis.
 ASIAN
Contributions of China:
Architecture (Timber construction),
ancestral temple (Pagoda), standing metal
works, ceramics and sculpture.
Idyllic landscape and nature painting in a
delicate calligraphic style, silk, scrolls,
albums, fans, paper, watercolors and ink.
Pottery, bronze and jade cravings and rich
burial tombs and temple.
 ASIAN
Contributions of China:
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder and
printing tools.
Iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller.
Different models of bridges, first
seismological detector and dry dock facility.
Made significant record on supernovas,
lunar and solar eclipses and comets.
 MIDDLE-EAST
The revolutions in the Middle East were a
product of the development and growth
of individual nationalism, imperialism, for
the efforts to westernize and modernize
Middle Eastern societies, and to push the
declining power of the Ottoman Empire in
the Arab region.
 MIDDLE-EAST
Ibn al-Haytham, Muslim scientist who
regarded as the Father of Optics, for his
emperical proof of the Intromission Theory of
Light.
Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, a
mathematician who gave his name to the
concept of the algorithm while the term
Algebra is derived from “al-jabr”, the beginning
of the title of one of his publications.
 MIDDLE-EAST
Introduction of decimal point notation.
Jabir Ibn Hayyan, scholars considered him to
be the Father of Chemistry.
Ibn Sina pioneered the science of
experimental medicine and was the physician
to conduct clinical trials. His books “The Book
of Healing” and “The Canon of Medicine” were
used as standard medicinal texts in both the
Muslim world and Europe in 17th century.
 AFRICAN
Egyptian civilization has contributed
immensely and made significant advances in
the fields of astronomy, mathematics and
medicine.
Development of geometry, structures of the
pyramid, early dams to divert waters from
Nile River.
Egypt was the center of alchemy known from
medieval forerunner of chemistry.
 AFRICAN
Studied human anatomy, pharmacology and
applied examination, diagnosis, treatment
and prognosis for the treatment of diseases.
African used three types of calendars: lunar,
solar and stellar or the combination of the
three.
Metallurgy was known in African region thus,
they invented metal tools used in their homes,
in agriculture and in building architectures.
 AFRICAN
Lebombo Bone from the mountain of
Swaziland and South Arifca, a tool use fpr
multiplication, division and simple
mathematical calculation or a six-month
lunar calendar.
Mathematical learning in Algebra,
Geometry and Trigonometry.
 AFRICAN
The fight against colonialism or
imperialism in Africa.
Imperialism – a policy of extending the
power and rule of a government beyond
its own boundaries. A country may
attempt to dominate others by direct rule
or by control of markets for goods and
raw materials (neocolonialism).
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION
This has been the era in which
technology has been prevalent.
It is also known as the Computer Age
that has brought so much change on how
are we living today.
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION
This has been the era in which technology
has been prevalent.
It is also known as the Computer Age that
has brought so much change on how are we
living today.
Computer – programmable electronic
devise that processes data and performs
calculations and other symbol-
manipulation tasks.
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION
4 Types of Digital Computer
Microcomputer – are the smallest and
most common, used in small
businesses, at home and in schools.
Minicomputers – found in medium-
sized businesses and university
departments. It may support from 10-
200 or so users at once.
 INFORMATION REVOLUTION
4 Types of Digital Computer
Mainframes – which can often service
several hundred users simultaneously and is
found in large organizations such as national
companies and government departments.
Supercomputers – mostly used for highly
complex scientific tasks, such as analyzing
the results of nuclear physics experiments
and weather forecasting.