MHD ARIEF HASAN

• Lahir di Bukittinggi (21 Juni 1987)

• SD N 09 Belakang Balok, Bukittinggi Tahun 1999
• SMP N 1 Bukittinggi, Tahun 2002
• SMA N 2 Bukittinggi, Tahun 2005
• S-1 Sistem Informasi Fakultas Ilmu Komputer
UPI-YPTK Padang Tahun 2009
• S-2 Magister Ilmu Komputer
UPI-YPTK Padang Tahun 2012
• Dosen Tetap Universitas Lancang Kuning
TEXTBOOKS
COURSE OUTLINE -1-

1. PENGENALAN WIRELESS LAN & JARINGAN SELULER:

1. Perkembangan Wireless LAN,
2. Aplikasi pada Wireless LAN,
3. GPRS, 3G, 4G, LTE
2. ANTENA & PENYEBARAN SPEKTRUM
1. Karakteristik Frekuensi Radio,
2. Konsep Dasar Antena, Tipe Antena,
3. Pengenalan Penyebaran Spektrum,
4. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS),
5. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS),
6. Membandingkan FHSS dan DSSS
COURSE OUTLINE -2-

3. INFRASTRUKTUR PERANGKAT WIRELESS LAN:

1. Access Point, Wireless Bridge, Wireless Workgroup Bridge,
2. Perangkat Klien Wireless LAN, Wireless Residential Gateway,
3. Enterprise Wireless Gateway
4. STANDAR WIRELESS LAN
1. IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, HomeRF, Bluetooth, IrDA, WLIF
5. ARSITEKTUR JARINGAN 802.11
1. Menemukan Wireless LAN, Autentikasi dan Asosiasi,
2. Service Sets, Fitur Manajemen Daya
COURSE OUTLINE -3-

6. MAC & LAPISAN FISIK

1. Komunikasi dalam Wireless LAN
2. Interframe Spacing, CSMA/CA,
3. Request to Send/Clear to Send (RTS/CTS), Modulasi
7. ARSITEKTUR TROUBLESHOOTING WIRELESS LAN
1. Multipath, Hidden Node, Near/Far,
2. System Throughput, Interference, Range
8. KEAMANAN WIRELESS LAN
1. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), WiFi Protected Access (WPA),
2. Serangan pada WIRELESS LAN, Solusi Pengamanan, Aturan Pengamanan,
Rekomendasi Pengamanan
COURSE OUTLINE -4-

9. OVERVIEW MANET, WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK, Stand

ar UMTS
10. JARINGAN AD-‐HOC & ROUTING
1. Wireless TCP/IP,
2. Konsep Dasar Jaringan Ad-‐Hoc, Ad-‐
Hoc Routing (Dynamic Source Routing--
‐DSR, Ad hoc On-‐Demand Distance Vector-‐AODV)
COURSE OUTLINE -5-

11. MOBILE IP:

1. Konsep Mobile IP, Hirarki Mobile IP
2.Fast Handovers pada Mobile IP
12. MOBILE TRANSPORT LAYER:
1.Permasalahan dengan TCP pada Jaringan Nirkabel
2.Perbaikan: Indirect TCP, Snoop TCP, Mobile TCP,
TCP over 3G
What Is a Radio Frequency Signal?

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum, which is usually simply referred to as

spectrum, is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. This
radiation exists as self-propagating electromagnetic waves that can move
through matter or space.
Radio Frequency Characteristics

These characteristics, defi ned by the laws of physics, exist in

every RF signal:

• Wavelength
• Frequency
• Amplitude
• Phase
Wavelength

A wavelength is the distance between the two successive crests (peaks) or

two successive troughs (valleys) of a wave pattern. In simpler words, a
wavelength is the distance that a single cycle of an RF signal actually
travels.
Wavelength -2-

λ = c/f f = c/λ
F = frequency (f,measured in hertz, or Hz)
λ = wavelength (λ, measured in meters, or m)
C = the speed of light which is a constant value of
300,000,000 m/sec
750 KHz wavelength and 252 GHz wavelength
Frequency

• Frequency is the number of times a specifi ed event occurs within a

specifi ed time interval. A standard measurement of frequency is hertz
(Hz), which was named after the German
• Different metric prefixes can be applied to the hertz (Hz)
measurement of radio frequencies to make working with very large
frequencies easier:
• 1 hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second
• 1 kilohertz (KHz) = 1,000 cycles per second
• 1 megahertz (MHz) = 1,000,000 (million) cycles per second
• 1 gigahertz (GHz) = 1,000,000,000 (billion) cycles per
secondphysicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.
Frequency -2-
Amplitude

Amplitude can be defined as the maximum displacement of a

continuous wave. With RF signals, the amplitude corresponds to the
electrical field of the wave.

When discussing signal strength in a WLAN, amplitude is usually referred to as either transmit amplitude or received
amplitude. Transmit amplitude is typically defi ned as the amount of initial amplitude that leaves the radio transmitter.
For example, if you confi gure an access point to transmit at 50 milliwatts (mW), that is the transmit amplitude.
Phase

• Phase is not a property of just one RF signal but instead involves the
relationship between two or more signals that share the same
frequency. The phase involves the relationship between the position
of the amplitude crests and troughs of two waveforms.
• Phase can be measured in distance, time, or degrees. If the peaks of
two signals with the same frequency are in exact alignment at the
same time, they are said to be in phase.
Phase -2-
Radio Frequency Behaviors

As an RF signal travels through the air and other mediums, it can move and behave in
different manners. RF propagation behaviors include
• Wave Progpagation
• absorption,
• reflection,
• scattering,
• refraction,
• diffraction,
• Free space path loss,
• multipath,
• attenuation,
• gain.
Wave Propagation

• electromagnetic waves can move

through a perfect vacuum or pass
through materials of different
mediums.
• The way in which the RF waves
move—knownas wave propagation
—can vary drastically depending on
the materials in the signal’spath;
for example, drywall will have a
much different effect on an RF
signal than metaconcrete.
Absorption

• Brick and concrete walls will absorb a

signal signifi cantly, whereas drywall will
absorb a signal to a lesser degree. A 2.4
GHz signal will be 1/16 the original
power after propagating through a brick
wall.
• That same signal will only lose 1/2 the
original power after passing though
drywall material.
• Water is another example of a medium
that can absorb a signal to a large
extent. Absorption is a leading cause of
attenuation (loss),
REFLECTION

• When a wave hits a smooth

object that is larger than the
wave itself, depending on
the media the wave may
bounce in another direction.
This behavior is categorized
as reflection.
SCATTERING

• Scattering happens when an RF signal strikes an uneven surface causing the signal
to be scattered. The resulting signals are less significant than the original signal.
• Can occur when a wave strikes an uneven surface and is reflected in many
directions simultaneously
• Yields many small amplitude reflections and destroys the main signal
Scattering = Multiple Reflections
Refraction

Refraction occurs when an RF signal changes speed and is bent while

moving between media of different densities.
Diffraction

Diffraction is a change in the direction of a wave as it passes by the edge of an

obstacle.
the wave bends around the object
The effect of waves turning, or bending around an obstacle
Loss (attenuation)
Loss, also known as attenuation, is best described as the decrease of
amplitude or signal strength. A signal may lose strength when
transmitted on a wire or in the air. On the wired portion of the
communications (RF cable), the AC electrical signal will lose strength
because of the electrical impedance of coaxial cabling and other
components such as connectors.
FREE SPACE PATH LOSS

• Because of the laws of physics, an electromagnetic signal will attenuate as

it travels, despite the lack of attenuation caused by obstructions,
absorption, refl ection, diffraction, and so on. Free space path loss (FSPL) is
the loss of signal strength caused by the natural broadening Of the waves,
often referred to as beam divergence. RF signal energy spreads over larger
areas as the signal travels farther away from an antenna, and as a result,
the strength of the signal attenuates.
• One way to illustrate free space path loss is to use a balloon analogy.
Before a balloon is fi lled with helium, it remains small but has a dense
rubber thickness. After the balloon is infl ated and has grown and spread in
size, the rubber becomes very thin. RF signals lose strength in much the
same manner. Luckily, this loss in signal strength is logarithmic and
MULTIPATH

Multipath is a propagation phenomenon that results in two or more paths of a

signal arriving at a receiving antenna at the same time or within nanoseconds of
each other. Because of the natural broadening of the waves, the propagation
behaviors of reflection, scattering, diffraction, and refraction will occur differently
in dissimilar environments. When a signal encounters an object, it may refl ect,
scatter, refract, or diffract. These propagation behaviors can all result in multiple
paths of the same signal.
GAIN

Gain is defined as the positive relative amplitude difference between two

RF wave signals.
Amplification is an active process used to increase an RF signal’s amplitude.
= gain.
There are two basic types of gain: active and passive.
Active gain is achieved by placing an amplifier in-line between the RF signal
generator and the propagating antenna.
Passive gain is an increase in the amplitude of the signal, in a favored
direction, by focusing or directing the output power. Passive gain can be
either intentional or unintentional.
TYPES OF WAVE

Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Sky wave
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)

Space wave Stratosphere

(12 - 50 km)
Ground wave
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Earth
Radio Frequency Components

Components of RF communications
• Transmitter
• Receiver
• Antenna
• Isotropic radiator
• Intentional radiator (IR)
• Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP)
RF components
TRANSMITTER

• The transmitter is the initial component in the creation of the wireless

medium. The computer hands the data off to the transmitter, and it is the
transmitter’s job to begin the RF communication
• The transmitter is the initial component in the creation of the wireless
medium. The computer hands the data off to the transmitter, and it is the
transmitter’s job to begin the RF communication
• the transmitter is responsible for determining the original transmission
amplitude, or what is more commonly referred to as the power level, of the
transmitter.
• the higher the amplitude of the wave, the more powerful the wave is and
the farther it can be received.
TRANSMITTER PRODUCT
ANTENNA

An antenna provides two functions in a communication system.

1. When connected to the transmitter, it collects the AC signal that it
receives from the transmitter and directs, or radiates, the RF waves away
from the antenna in a pattern specifi c to the antenna type.
2. When connected to the receiver, the antenna takes the RF waves that it
receives through the air and directs the AC signal to the receiver. The
receiver converts the AC signal to bits and bytes

The RF transmission of an antenna is usually compared or referenced to an

isotropic radiator. An isotropic radiator is a point source that radiates signal
equally in all directions. The sun is probably one of the best examples of an
isotropic radiator.
ANTENNA -2-

There are two ways to increase the power output from an antenna
1. to generatemore power at the transmitter, as stated in the previous
section
2. to direct, or focus, the RF signal that is radiating from the antenna
RECEIVER

• The receiver takes the carrier signal that is received from the antenna
and translates the modulated signals into 1s and 0s.
• It then takes this data and passes it to the computer to be processed
• The job of the receiver is not always an easy one. The signal that is
received is a much less powerful signal than what was transmitted
because of the distance it has traveled and the effects of free space
path loss (FSPL). The signal is also often unintentionally altered due to
interference from other RF sources and multipath.
FHSS

• Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Radio frequency signals

can be defi ned as narrowband signals or as spread spectrum signals.
An RF signal is considered spread spectrum when the bandwidth is
wider than what is required to carry the data. Frequency hopping
spread spectrum (FHSS) is a spread spectrum technology that was fi
rst patented during World War II. Frequency hopping 802.11 radios
are also called Clause 14 devices because of the clause that
references them.
DSS

• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Direct sequence spread

spectrum (DSSS) is another spread spectrum technology that uses fi
xed channels. DSSS 802.11 radios are known as Clause 16 devices.
Intentional Radiator (IR)

• intentional radiator (IR) as “a device that intentionally generates and

emits radio frequency energy by radiation or induction.”
• Basically, it’s something that is specifi cally designed to generate RF,
as opposed to something that generates RF as a by-product of its
main function, such as a motor that incidentally generates RF noise.
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power

• Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is the highest RF signal

strength that istransmitted from a particular antenna.
SPREAD SPECTRUM

• Spread spectrum adalah sebuah metode komunikasi dimana semua sinyal

komunikasi disebar di seluruh spektrum frekuensi yang tersedia.
• Pada awalnya dikembangkan untuk kepentingan militer dan intelejen. Ide
dasarnya adalah untuk menyebarkan sinyal informasi melalui bandwidth
yang lebih luas untuk mencegah dilakukannya pencegatan informasi dan
gangguan-gangguan lainnya.
• Istilah spread spectrum digunakan karena pada sistem ini sinyal yang
ditransmisikan memiliki bandwidth yang jauh lebih lebar dari bandwidth
sinyal informasi (mencapai ribuan kali).
• Proses penebaran bandwidth sinyal informasi ini disebut spreading. Spread
spectrum jenis pertama yang dikembangkan dikenal dengan nama
frequency hopping atau lompatan frekuensi.
SPREAD SPECTRUM

Versi yang terbaru adalah direct squence spread spectrum. Kedua teknik ini
dipergunakan dalam berbagai produk jaringan nirkabel. Selain itu juga untuk
berbagai aplikasi lainnya, seperti telepon nirkabelt (cordless telephone).
Sebuah sistem spread-spectrum harus memenuhi kriteria sebagai berikut :
• Sinyal yang dikirimkan menduduki bandwidth yang jauh lebih lebar
daripada bandwidth minimum yang diperlukan untuk mengirimkan sinyal
informasi
• Pada pengirim terjadi proses spreading yang menebarkan sinyal informasi
dengan bantuan sinyal kode yang bersifat independen terhadap informasi
• Pada penerima terjadi proses despreading yang melibatkan korelasi antara
sinyal yang diterima dan replika sinyal kode yang dibangkitkan sendiri oleh
suatu generator lokal.
SPREAD SPECTRUM -2-

Dalam komunikasi spread spectrum semakin lebar bandwidth akan semakin

tahan terhadap jamming dan akan semakin terjamin tingkat kerahasiaannya.
Disamping itu akan semakin banyak kanal yang bisa dipakai. Seperti yang di
terangkan oleh Shanon , salah seorang ahli statistik telekomunikasi, dalam
ilmu komunikasi dinyatakan bahwa kapasitas kanal akan sebanding dengan
bandwidth transmisi dan logaritmik dari S/N-nya. Jadi agar sistem
komunikasi dapat bekerja dengan kapasitas kanal yang tetap pada level daya
noise yang tinggi (S/N yang rendah), dapat dilakukan dengan jalan
memperbesar bandwidth transmisi W. Disamping itu Shannon juga
mengemukakan bahwa sebuah kanal dapat mentransmisikan informasi
dengan probabilitas salah yang kecil apabila terhadap infromasi tersebut
dilakukan pengkodean yang tepat dan rate infromasi yang tidak melebihi
kapasitas kanal meskipun kanal tersebut memuat interferensi acak.
Konsep dari Sistem Spread Spectrum

Gambar diatas menyajikan gambaran tentang karakteristik kunci beberapa sistem spektum penyebaran.
Input dimasukkan ke dalam suatau channel enkoder yang menghasilkan sebuah sinyal analog dengan
bandwidth sempit relatif di seputar beberapa frekuensi pusat. Sinyal ini kemudian dimodulasikan
menggunakan deretan digit-digit tidak beraturan yang disebut pseudorandom sequence. Efek dari modulasi
ini adalah untuk meningkatkan secara signifikan bandwith (yang menyebarkan spektrum) sinyal yang
ditransmisikan. Pada ujung penerima, deretan digit yang sama di gunakan untuk mendemodulasikan sinyal
spektrum penyebaran. Terakhir sinyal dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah channel dekoder untuk melindungi
Keuntungan

• Imunitas dari berbagai noise dan multipath distortion

• Termasuk gangguan (Jamming)
• Dapat mengacak sinyal
• Hanya receiver yang mengetahui pengacakan kode dapat mendapat kembali
sinyal
• Beberapa user dapat mengunakan bandwidth yang lebih besar
dengan sedikit interferency
• Telepon seluler
• Code division multiplexing (CDM)
• Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Units of Power and Comparison

Units of power (absolute)

• watt (W)
• milliwatt (mW)
• decibels relative to 1 milliwatt (dBm)
Units of comparison (relative)
• decibel (dB)
• decibels relative to an isotropic radiator (dBi)
• decibels relative to a half-wave dipole antenna (dBd)
REFERENCES

• Coleman, D., Westcott, D., “CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrat

or Official Study Guide”, Wiley Publishing Inc., 2009.
• Schiller, J.H., “Mobile Communications 2nd Edition”, Addison--
‐Wesley, 2004.
• Stallings, W., “Wireless Communications and Networking 2nd Edition”, Prent
ice Hall,
• Pahlavan, K., Krishnamurthy, P., “Principles of Wirel
ess Networks: A Unified Approach”, Prentice Hall, 2002.
• Garg, V. K., “Wireless Communications and Networking”, Elsevier, 2007.
• Ozcan, A., Zizka, J., Nagamalai, D., “Recent Trends in Wireless and Mobile
Networks”, Third International Conferences WiMo 2011 and CoNeCo 201
1 Proceedings, Ankara, Turkey:Springer, 2011.