Psychological

View of the
Self
I. Psychodynamic Approach
this approach holds that behaviors
are influenced by unconscious
processes and early childhood
experiences.
self is conceptualized as the EGO.
development of the ego
(psychosexual stages)
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Psychoanalytic Theory
by Dr. Sigmund Freud
 Motivated by the
unconscious
 Motivated by sexual
(eros) and aggressive
(thanatos) drives.
 Influence by early
childhood experience
I. Psychodynamic Approach
I. Psychodynamic Approach
 Levels of Mental Life
 Conscious
 Awareness
 Only level of mental life directly
available to us.
Ideas can reach consciousness from
two different directions:
1. perceptual conscious system
2. within the mental structure
I. Psychodynamic Approach
 Levels of Mental Life
 Preconscious
contains all those elements that are
not conscious but can become
conscious either quite readily or with
some difficulty
I. Psychodynamic Approach
 Levels
of Mental Life
 Unconscious
 contains all those drives, urges, or
instincts that are beyond our
awareness but that nevertheless
motivate most of our words, feelings,
and actions.
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Structure of Personality
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Structure of Personality
The Id
Present at birth
Consists of BIOLOGICAL drives
Pleasure Principle
Goal: Achieve satisfaction NOW!
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Structure of Personality
The Ego
theonly region of the mind in
contact with reality.
Reality Principle
Goal : Satisfy id’s request reasonably -
within the limitations of the
environment
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Structure of Personality
The Superego
representsthe moral and
ideal aspects of personality
Moral Principle
it
has no contact with the outside
world and therefore is unrealistic in its
demands for perfection
Two subsytems:
Conscience “should not do”
Ego-Ideal “should do”
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Structure of Personality
 I. Psychodynamic Approach
Psychosexual Stages of Dev’t
1. Oral Stage (0-2 yrs.old)
an infant is primarily motivated to
receive pleasure through the mouth.
Erogenouse zone: Mouth
Oral personalities:
- Over-eating
- Excessive drinking
- Biting pencils
- Putting some objects to their mouth.
- Too much talking
 I. Psychodynamic Approach
Psychosexual Stages of Dev’t
2. Anal Stage (2-3 yrs.old)
this period is characterized by
satisfaction gained through
aggressive behavior and through
the excretory function.
Erogenous zone: Anus
Anal retentive personalities:
meticulous/perfectionist
 Analexpulsive personalities:
messy, untidy
 I. Psychodynamic Approach
Psychosexual Stages of Dev’t
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs.old)
masturbation is nearly
universal.
Gratifying activities:
Masturbation or genital
fondling
Oedipus Complex
 I. Psychodynamic Approach
 Psychosexual Stages of Dev’t
4. Latency Stage (6-12 yrs.old)
 a period of dormant sexual
development
 parents’ attempts to punish
or discourage sexual activity
in their young children
 children will repress their
sexual drive and direct their
psychic energy toward
school, friendships, hobbies,
and other nonsexual
activities
 I. Psychodynamic Approach
Psychosexual Stages of
Dev’t
4. Genital Stage (12 yrs.old -
onwards)
Sexual maturity
Relationships
Eros remains unchanged
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Post-Freudian Theory
by Eric H. Erickson
 Erikson held that our
ego is a positive force
that creates a self-
identity, a sense of “I.”
 For Erikson ego is the
center of our personality
I. Psychodynamic Approach
Interrelated aspect of Ego
a. Body Ego - refers to
experiences with our body
b. Ego Ideal – represents the
image of ourselves
c. Ego Identity - image we have
of ourselves in the variety of
social roles we play.
 II. Cognitive Construction
Person-Centered Theory
by Carl Rogers
 Conception of the Self:
a. Real Self (Self-Concept)
 how you see yourself
b. Ideal Self
 one’sview of self as one
wishes to be
 II. Cognitive Construction
TrueSelf vs. False Self
by Donald Winnicott
 True Self – sense of being
in the experiencing body.
 False Self – the person has
to comply with extreme
rules (i.e. following social
codes)
HealthyFalse Self
Unhealthy False Self
 II. Cognitive Construction
SelfEfficacy
by Albert Bandura
“people’s beliefs in their
capability to exercise
some measure of
control over their own
functioning and over
environmental events.”
 II. Cognitive Construction
What Contributes to Self-
Efficacy?
Personal efficacy is
acquired, enhanced, or
decreased through anyone
or combination of the
following four sources:
1. mastery experiences;
2. social modeling;
3. social persuasion; and
4. physical and emotional
states.