Reference

GROUP SEVEN

TEXTUAL EVIDENCE
 TYPES of TEXTUAL EVIDENCE

EXAMPLE

REFERENCING QUOTING
is mentioning a
particular event It’s useful when y
or action in the ou want to capture
EXAMPLE text. the particular lang
uage an author
uses.

IMPORTANCE
SUMMARIZING
It’s useful when you
1 PARAPHRASING
2 3 4 express the meaning
want to point to a larg
er section of text but
of (the writer or speak do not need the details
er) using different of the original text.
EXAMPLE words, especially to a
chieve greater clarity.

EXAMPLE TIPS
E X A M P L E
01 REFERENCING

Peggy Johnson defines collection development as “the thoughtful proc

ess of developing a library collection in response to institutional prioriti
es and community or user needs and interests” (Johnson 2009, p. 1).
According to Johnson (2009, p. 1), collection development forms part
of the broader concept of collection management, which involves “ an
expanded suite of decisions about weeding, cancelling serials, storag
e, and preservation”. Traditional collection development involves selec
ting individual titles that will best meet the requirements of the library u
sers.
E X A M P L E
02 REFERENCING

Ruxton (2016, p. 40) suggests "…unsweetened

tea can be part of a recommended diet.”
E X A M P L E
01 QUOTING

According to Jonathan Clarke, "Professional

diplomats often say that trying to think
diplomatically about foreign policy is a waste of
time."
E X A M P L E
02 QUOTING

In Julius Caesar, Antony begins his famous

speech with "Friends, Romans, Countrymen,
lend me your ears; / I come to bury Caesar, not
to praise him" (III.ii.75-76).
E X A M P L E
01 PARAPHRASING

Original: Her life spanned years of incredible

change for women.

Paraphrase: Mary lived through an era of

liberating reform for women.
E X A M P L E
01 SUMMARIZING

A Summary of the Short Story "Miss Brill" by Katherine Mansfield

"'Miss Brill is the story of an old woman told brilliantly and realistically, balancing
thoughts and emotions that sustain her late solitary life amidst all the bustle of modern
life. Miss Brill is a regular visitor on Sundays to the Jardins Publiques (the Public
Gardens) of a small French suburb where she sits and watches all sorts of people
come and go. She listens to the band playing, loves to watch people and guess what
keeps them going and enjoys contemplating the world as a great stage upon which
actors perform. She finds herself to be another actor among the so many she sees, or
at least herself as 'part of the performance after all.'...One Sunday Miss Brill puts on
her fur and goes to the Public Gardens as usual. The evening ends with her sudden
realization that she is old and lonely, a realization brought to her by a conversation she
overhears between a boy and a girl presumably lovers, who comment on her
unwelcome presence in their vicinity. Miss Brill is sad and depressed as she returns
home, not stopping by as usual to buy her Sunday delicacy, a slice of honey-cake. She
retires to her dark room, puts the fur back into the box and imagines that she has
heard something cry." (K. Narayana Chandran, Texts and Their Worlds II. Foundation
Books, 2005)
E X A M P L E
02 SUMMARIZING

A Summary of Shakespeare's Hamlet

"One way of discovering the overall pattern of a piece of writing is to summarize it in

your own words. The act of summarizing is much like stating the plot of a play. For
instance, if you were asked to summarize the story of Shakespeare's Hamlet, you
might say:

It's the story of a young prince of Denmark who discovers that his uncle and his
mother have killed his father, the former king. He plots to get revenge, but in his
obsession with revenge he drives his sweetheart to madness and suicide, kills her
innocent father, and in the final scene poisons and is poisoned by her brother in a duel,
causes his mother's death, and kills the guilty king, his uncle.

This summary contains a number of dramatic elements: a cast of characters (the

prince; his uncle, mother, and father; his sweetheart; her father, and so on), a scene
(Elsinore Castle in Denmark), instruments (poisons, swords), and actions (discovery,
dueling, killing)." (Richard E. Young, Alton L. Becker, and Kenneth L. Pike, Rhetoric:
Discovery and Change. Harcourt, 1970)
IMPORTANCE
OF

REFERENCING
Referencing is an important part of writing at universi
ty because it adds to the shared knowledge of all invo
lved in an academic area. ... Strengthening your acad
emic argument. Demonstrating your understanding of
academic requirements. Acknowledging and
rewarding others for their contribution.

HOME
IMPORTANCE
OF

QUOTING
Paraphrasing is important because it shows you un
derstand the source well enough to write it in your ow
n words. ... It is important because it shows you and
your reader (ie your lecturer) that you have understoo
d the source sufficiently enough to write it in your own
words.

HOME
IMPORTANCE
OF

PARAPHRASING
Quoting effectively is important because the right qu
otation presented properly can add spice, interest, th
ought, effectiveness, support, and respect to your writ
ing. Quoting ineffectively makes your writing look like
an amateur attempt padded by random comments
from strangers.

HOME
IMPORTANCE
OF

SUMMARIZING
Summarizing teaches students how to discern the
most important ideas in a text, how to ignore
irrelevant information, and how to integrate the
central ideas in a meaningful way. Teaching
students to summarize improves their memory for
what is read.

HOME
 Portfolio Presentation
Insert the title of your subtitle Here

Simple Portfolio
Get a modern PowerPoint
Presentation that is beautifully
designed. Easy to change
colors, photos and Text. You
can simply impress your
audience and add a unique zing
and appeal to your
Presentations. Get a modern
PowerPoint Presentation that is
beautifully designed. Get a
modern PowerPoint
Presentation that is beautifully
designed.
 Mobile Style
Insert the title of your subtitle Here

Your Text Here

You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing.

Your Text Here

You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing.

Your Text Here

You can simply impress your audience and add a unique zing.

Your Text Here Your Text Here

You can simply impress You can simply impress
your audience and add your audience and add
a unique zing. a unique zing.

Your Text Here Your Text Here Your Text Here

You can simply impress You can simply impress You can simply impress
your audience and add your audience and add your audience and add
a unique zing. a unique zing. a unique zing.
Columns Style
Insert the title of your subtitle Here
01 Your Text Here
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
Presentations. Easy to change
colors, photos and Text. You
can simply impress your
audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
Presentations.
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
Presentations.
02 Your Text Here
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
Presentations. Easy to change
colors, photos and Text. You
can simply impress your
audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
Presentations.
You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique
zing and appeal to your
Presentations.
 Thank you
Insert the title of your subtitle Here