Earthwork & Volumes

 Spec Requirements
 End Areas
 End-area Volumes
 Borrow Pit Volumes
 Mass Diagrams
 Cost Estimates
Earthwork Specs
 Payment based on excavation (Cut)
 Specs define methods for cut and fill
 Typically not paid for fill
 Based on “Excavation measured in
place as computed from survey notes”
 Not weighing, counting truck rounds
 Look for spec allowing contractor to
dispute volumes in a certain area
Excavation Specs
 Common excavation
 Determined from survey notes
 Describes most of work
 Rock/Muck
 Rock requires blasting
 Muck requires deep dig, granular fill
 Before/after volume survey
Haul Payments
 Volume payments - $/cy Excavation
 Separate lines for common, rock , muck
 Free Haul - Stations
 Overhaul - $/cy-stations
 Borrow - $/cy
 Covers cost of lease, haul, reclamation
 Waste - $/cy
End Areas
 Based on
 Cross-sections
 Typical section
 Area – ft2 CL
 Cut
 Fill
Construction Grade Staking
 Based on “typical section”
 Stake centerline, slope “breakouts”
Slope Stakes

12’ + 4’(4) + 8’ + 6.3’(4) = 61.2’

Slope Staking

12’ + 3.7’(4) = 26.8’

End Area Calculations
End Area Calculations
 Level Sections
 3-level Sections
 Triangular Sections
 5-level Sections
 Other Sections
Level Sections

w
A  c(d  )  c( w  cs )
2
w 40
A  c(d  )  7.6(31.4  )  390.6
2 2

A  c( w  cs)  7.6(40  7.6 1.5)  390.6

3-Level Sections

w c
A  (hL  hr )  (d L  d r )
4 2

40 6.8
A (7.0  6.4)  (30.5  29.6)  338.34
4 2
5-Level Sections

1
A  (cw  hL d L  hr d r )
2
1
A  (5.8  30  6.9  23.1  6.7  27.3)  258.2
2
Transition Sections

1 w 1
A  (  h)  ( wh)
2 2 4
1 1
Ac  (40  2.6)  15.6 A f  (30  2.0)  15.0
4 4
End Area Calculations
 Planimeter
 Coordinate Calculations
 Similar to coordinate area
 Start/end at same point
A  12 ( f i di 1 )  ( f i di 1 )
 Coordinate Areas

30 ‘ top, left shoulder (-15, 0) Assign (0, 0)

0 0 7 .2 8 .8 7.0 8.0 8.1 9.3 9.4 0 0

0  15  25.8  20  14.7 0.0 18.0 24.0 29.1 15 0
 Coordinate Calc Example

0 0 7.2 8.8 7.0 8.0 8.1 9.3 9.4 0 0

0  15  25.8  20  14.7 0 18 24 29.1 15 0
0(15)  0(25.8)  7.2(20)  8.8(14.7) 
  
1  7.0(0)  8.0(18)  8.1(24)  9.3(29.1)  9.4(15) 
A    338.2
2  7.2(15)  8.8(25.8)  7.0(20)  8.0(14.7) 

  8.1(0)  9.3(18)  9.4(24)  0(29.1)  0(15)  
 
End-Area Volumes
AI = 390.6 ft2
AH = 338.3 ft2
AG = 144.8 ft2
AE = 15.6 ft2 AE = 15.0 ft2
AD = 113.2 ft2
AB = 258.2 ft2
AA = 338.2 ft2