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Satwinder Singh
(B.Com, FCS, LL.B., CAIIB)
Partner, Vaish Associates Advocates
Central Council Member-ICSI
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Understanding the Code
Differentiation
Insolvency is the
inability of a person or
- Insolvency; corporation to pay their
bills as and when they
- Bankruptcy; and become due and
payable.
- Liquidation
Bankruptcy is Liquidation is
Why is it a Code?
when a person is the process of
declared winding up a
“Code” is usually known as a collection incapable of corporation or
or compendium of laws. It refers to a
paying their due incorporated
systematic and comprehensive
and payable bills. entity.
compilation of laws, rules or regulations
that are consolidated and classified
according to a particular subject matter.
Presidency Towns
Insolvency Act, 1909
Repealed Acts
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002; and
Allow creditors, whether secured; unsecured; financial or operational; domestic or international to initiate a
resolution processes thereby aiming for an early detection of the fraud;
Establishes time-bound moratorium on acceleration and enforcement of debts against the company;
The resolution professionals can replace the existing management during insolvency proceedings;
Provides for time-bound viability assessment mechanisms, liquidation processes and distribution waterfalls;
An inability to pay debt will no more be a ground for winding up under the Companies Act;
Chapter governing Revival and Rehabilitation of Sick Companies of Companies Act 2013, stands omitted.
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‘Debtor-in-possession’ to ‘Creditor-in-possession’
The Courts are being conscious vis-a-vis piercing the corporate veil for default;
The Code aims at bringing the defaulters to book by empowering creditors to initiate the process at an
early stage for replacing the management;
The Code provides for takeover of management by insolvency professionals nominated by the
creditors. Professionals to have the flexibility to bring in turnaround specialists and consultants to
achieve the desired business results;
The Code provides for liquidation of a company at the earliest opportunity to minimise the losses for
debtors as well as shareholders.
Applicability STRUCTURE
All kinds of: In entirety, the Code has 255 sections which are divided into
5 Parts as given below
- Corporate Enterprises;
- Limited Liability Partnerships; Part II Part III
Part I Insolvency Insolvency Resolution
- Partnership Firms; and
Preliminary Resolution and and Bankruptcy for
- Individuals. (Definitions) Liquidation for individuals and
Corporate Persons Partnership Firms
Scope
Regulator Adjudicator
Appointment of Resolution Professional in the creditors meeting held within 7 days of constitution
of committee of creditors
Resolution Applicant to prepare (on the basis of Information Memorandum) and submit resolution plan
to Resolution Professional for examination & further submission for approval of committee of creditor
Secured creditor (in case he has + Workmen’s dues ( for period of 24 months
In case of liquidation, relinquished security) preceding liquidation commencement date)
the asset of the
corporate debtor will
Wages and unpaid dues to employees (other than workmen) for a period of 12 months
be sold and the
preceding liquidation commencement date
proceeds will be
distributed amongst
the creditors in the Unsecured creditors
following order of
priority:- Central and State government dues + Secured creditor for an unrealised amount for
enforcing security interest
NCLT shall appoint an IRP within fourteen days from the insolvency commencement
date.
Role of IRP
From the date of appointment of the IRP-
the management of the affairs of the corporate debtor shall vest in the IRP;
the powers of the board of directors or the partners of the corporate debtor, shall
stand suspended and be exercised by the IRP;
the officers and managers of the corporate debtor shall report to the IRP and provide
access to documents of the corporate debtor as may be required by IRP
the financial institutions maintaining accounts of the corporate debtor shall act on
the instructions of IRP in relation to such accounts and furnish all information
relating to the corporate debtor available with them to the interim resolution
professional.
The interim resolution professional shall make every endeavor to protect and preserve the value of the property of the corporate
debtor and manage the operations of the corporate debtor as a going concern.
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Duties of IRP
collect all information relating to the assets, finances and operations of the
The interim resolution
corporate debtor for determining the financial position of the corporate debtor
professional shall after
receive and collate all the claims submitted by creditors to him, pursuant to the collation of all claims
public announcement made; received against the
corporate debtor and
constitute a committee of creditors determination of the
financial position of the
file information collected with the information utility. corporate debtor,
constitute a committee
take control and custody of any asset over which the corporate debtor has
of creditors
ownership rights as recorded in the balance sheet of the corporate debtor, or with
information utility or the depository of securities or any other registry that records
the ownership of assets
The personnel of the corporate debtor, its promoters or any other person associated with the
management of the corporate debtor shall extend all assistance and cooperation to IRP
Appoint accountants, legal counsels who may provide specialist advice to the IRP;
The IRP may sell
unencumbered assets
Enter into contracts on behalf of the corporate debtor or to amend/ modify the
of the corporate
contracts which were entered into before the commencement of the CIRP;
debtor, other than in
Raise interim finance; the ordinary course of
business, if he is of the
opinion that such a sale
Issue instructions to the personnel of the corporate debtor to keep the corporate
is necessary for a
debtor as a going concern;
better realization of
Take all such actions as are necessary to keep the corporate debtor as a going value.
concern.
IRP has to manage the operations of the corporate debtor as a going concern to enable
him to protect and preserve the value of the property of the corporate debtor.
RP shall conduct the entire Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (“CIRP”) and manage the
operations of the corporate debtor during CIRP period;
The RP shall give notice of each meeting of the committee of creditors to— (a) members of Committee
of creditors; (b) members of the suspended Board of Directors or the partners of the corporate persons
(c) operational creditors or their representatives if the amount of their aggregate dues is not less than
ten per cent of the debt.
Duties of RP
Preserve and protect The RP shall prepare an The RP shall submit Initiation of
the assets of the information the resolution plan Liquidation
corporate debtor, memorandum as approved by the
including the containing relevant committee of
continued business information as specified creditors to the
operations of the by IBBI for formulating a Adjudicating
corporate debtor resolution plan. Authority.
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Role of IRP/RP in Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons
Public Announcement IRP to appoint 2 registered Submission of Proof of Verification of Claims by
by IRP within 3 days of valuers within 7 days of his Claims by creditors, workmen IRP within 7 days of
his appointment in appointment to determine the and employees to IRP in receipt
FORM A. liquidation value of corporate FORMs B,C,D,E as may be
By sending pdf file to debtor applicable. Constitution of
public.ann@ibbi.gov.in Committee of Creditors
(“COC”)
RP shall present all Resolution RP on instruction of COC may
plans that meet requirements of apply for Extension of CIRP period Where corporate debtor has
Code to COC for its consideration before NCLT. no financial debt, COC shall
consist of-
• 18 largest operational
IRP/RP shall submit Information creditors by value
Memorandum in electronic form • 1 workmen representative
to each member of COC • 1 employee representative
Consolidation of claims
Verification of claims
RP appointed for CIRP shall act as the liquidator for the purposes of liquidation unless replaced by NCLT
Duties of Liquidator
to verify claims of all to take into his to evaluate the to carry on the to sell the immovable and
the creditors custody or control all assets and business of the movable property and
the assets, property, property of the corporate actionable claims of the
to draw, accept,
effects and corporate debtor debtor for its corporate debtor in
make and endorse
actionable claims of and prepare a beneficial liquidation by public
any negotiable
the corporate debtor report liquidation auction or private contract
instruments in the
name and on behalf to take out, in his official name, letter of to obtain any professional to perform
of the corporate administration to any deceased assistance from any person or such other
debtor contributory and to do in his official name appoint any professional, in functions as
any other act necessary for obtaining discharge of his duties, may be
payment of any money due and payable obligations and specified
from a contributory or his estate responsibilities
(a) A Ltd. (Company) is engaged in the manufacturing of Sponge Iron, TMT bars and Galvanized wires. It has availed
various credit facilities from a total of 19 secured creditors with an outstanding debt of Rs.1500 crore. Due to
adverse market conditions, its financial position took a downturn and hence it filed a reference with the Board
for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (BIFR). The reference was duly registered. During the proceedings
before BIFR, one of the secured creditors, after taking consent of the other creditors of the company, filed an
application for abatement of the reference before BIFR.
(b) Meanwhile, one of the unsecured creditors filed an application before BIFR for the impleadment in the
proceedings. The BIFR dismissed the said application due to non-prosecution.
(c) Subsequently, upon coming into force of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, the company filed an
application for initiation of Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) before National Company Law
Tribunal (NCLT) on 09.12.2016. However, in the first meeting of the Committee of Creditors held on 05.01.2017,
the financial creditors of the company decided to liquidate the company. Immediately after this decision, but
before intimating the decision to the NCLT, one of the financial creditors of the company applied to Resolution
Professional (RP) giving proof of his claim and seeking his inclusion in the Committee of Creditors.
In case the secured creditor faces resistance from company for enforcement of security interest, such secured creditor may apply to:
a) Adjudicating Authority
b) Debt Recovery Tribunal
c) Liquidator
d) High Court
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Lets Discuss
Who approves the resolution plan:
a) Committee of creditors. What is the voting requirement for approval of resolution plan by
b) Insolvency Professional. creditors:
c) Adjudicating Authority. a) 85 percent of voting shares.
d) Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India. b) 60 percent of voting shares.
c) 75 percent of voting shares.
d) 90 percent of voting shares.
For any further clarifications, you may contact – SATWINDER SINGH, PARTNER
Vaish Associates Advocates(satwinder@vaishlaw.com / +91-9871686000).
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shall not assume any liability / responsibility for any errors that might creep in. The material herein
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