CRIME

DETECTION AND
INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: MICHELLE BINOSA I. LANGAMON
CLE TOP 2, June 2018
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION- It
is an art which deals with the
identity and location of the
criminal offender and the
gathering and providing evidence
of his guilt.
All investigator in any police unit
must be a graduate of
prescribed investigation course
with a rank of at least POLICE
OFFICER 2 ( pre-requisite to
assignment)
Intent- the accomplishment of the act and
also the element of crime (purpose)
Motive- it is what induces the criminal to act
(reason)
Opportunity- the physical possibility that the
suspect could have committed the crime
Instrumentality- the means used to commit
the crime
PHASES OF INVESTIGATION:
•To IDENTIFY the guilty party
•To LOCATE the guilty party
•To provide EVIDENCE of his guilt
 Phases of Criminal Investigation

Phase I - identify the suspect/s through

• Confession

• Eyewitness testimony

• Circumstantial evidence/ Indirect evidence

• Associative evidence
1.Confession
-express acknowledgement by the accused
of his guilt.
-It is the best means of identifying a criminal.
a.Judicial-made in open court
b.Extra judicial- made outside the
court like, taken during custodial
investigation
 Admission- is a declaration or
acknowledgement by a party
as to the existence of a certain
fact.
- falling short in the
acknowledgement of guilt.
2. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY (TESTIMONIAL
EVIDENCE/ DIRECT EVIDENCE)

TYPES OF SUSPECTS IDENTIFIED BY WITNESS

•KNOWN- THESE ARE THE MALEFACTORS
WHOSE PICTURES ARE AVAILABLE FROM
POLICE FILES AND RECORDS
•UNKNOWN- THESE ARE MALEFACTORS WHOSE
IDENTITY IS FURNISHED BY EYEWITNESS ONLY.
 Methods of Identification by Witness to a
Suspect:

 Portrait Parle –is a verbal description by witness or

victim of the physical appearance of the assailant while
being drawn by the cartographer .

Photographic files (Rogue’s gallery) – the witness will

identify the offender through photographs/photos compiled
in the police station.
3. Circumstantial a.k.a. Indirect/ Presumptive evidence
- is evidence that is drawn not from direct observation of a
fact at issue but from events or circumstances that surround it.

When CE sufficient for conviction:

• There is more than one circumstance;

• The facts from which the inferences are derived are
proven; and
• The combination of all circumstances could produce
a conviction beyond reasonable doubt. ( G.R. No.
187725, Jan. 19, 2011)
4. Associative evidence
Pieces of evidence which could link the suspect to the crime
scene by means of clues, hints, and personal properties.
Examples:
weapon
tools
garment
fingerprint
foot impression, and others.
 Phase II - locate and apprehend suspect/s

• Surveillance

• Undercover works/assignments

• Informants
1. Surveillance
Is a discreet investigation by
keeping persons, places,
vehicles, activities or other
targets under physical
observation in order to obtain
information.
ONE MAN SHADOW- the most common form of tailing
since it utilizes the use of least number of personnel,
usually conduct d by means of following subject on foot.
TWO MAN SHADOW- this form of shadowing enables
a change of operatives which would make it hard for the
subject to recognized them
THREE MAN SHADOW- also known as ABC Method
this involves more personnel hence signals which are
predetermined and plan for following the subject is pre
arranged
 Types of Surveillance:
a. Tailing or Shadowing – observation of person and
movement.
• LOOSE TAIL- this is used when the shadower would
like to know the general impression of the subject’s
habit and associates
• ROUGH TAIL- this could be done even without special
precaution since the subject is aware that he is being
followed.
• CLOSED TAIL- this is done with so much precaution
from loosing the subject where constant observation is
b Casing or Reconnaissance – is the surveillance of
building, place or area to determine its suitability and
vulnerability in operations.
Casing-Police term
Reconnaissance-military term

c. Roping – surveillance of other

things, events, and activities
 1. ACCORDING TO INTENSITY AND
SENSITIVITY
• A. Discreet – subject is unaware that he/sh
under observation
• B. Close – subject is aware that he/she is un
observation.
• C. Loose – applied frequently or infreque
Period of observation may vary on each occas
 2. ACCORDING TO METHODS

• A. Stationary – observation of place on

a fixed point position.
– subject is followed
• B. Moving
from place to place.
• C. Technical – uses communication and
electronic hardware, gadgets, systems
2. Undercover Assignment or
Work
– is an investigative technique in which
agent conceal his official identity to
obtain information from the target or
subject.

also known as ROPING

3. Informants
is any person who furnishes the police an
information relevant to the crime under
investigation, generally, without consideration.

Informer- is one who furnishes information to

the police generally with consideration.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS
Anonymous Informant-
the identity of this
informant is unknown. He
may be a phone caller,
letter writer or a text
sender.
•Rival-Elimination Informant- provide
information to establish control over
the activity in question . From time to
time, individuals who engaged in illegal
activities may serve as informants as a
means of eliminating their competitors
False Informant- Usually reveals
information of no consequence, value
or stuff connected with thin air.
intentionally provides misleading
information to direct police
attention away from an illegal
activities by himself.
Self-aggrandizing
Informant- crave for
recognition and feeling
importance by giving
information to the police .
•Mercenary Informant-
provides information to the
police for financial rewards .
They have information for sale.
Double-crosser Informant - he
uses his seeming desire to divulge
information as an excuse to talk to
the police in order to get more
information from them than he gives.
To counter this kind of informant, the
police apply deception method by
giving him false information that will
lead to his capture.
Legitimate Informant- are law
abiding citizens who just deem it as
a sign of good citizenship to give
information about crimes that they
possess to the police. Such person
are not easily motivated by
anything except trustworthiness
Incidental informant – a person who
casually imparts information to an officer
with no intention of providing subsequent
information.
Recruited informant – a person, who is
selected, cultivated and developed into a
continuous source of information.
Fearful informants- are worry that
they will be endangered by the
criminal activities of an associate.
Fearing for their own well-being,
they supply information.
Motives of Informant

• Vanity- the motive is for self-aggrandizement by gaining

favorable attention & importance from the police.

• Civic Mindedness- imbued with the sense of duty &

obligation to assist the police in their task.
• Fear- arise from an apprehension over
enemies impending dangers of his life
or family, or fear to be arrested by the
police.

• Repentance- those lesser criminals

such as accomplices or accessories
who have been bothered by their
conscience.
Phase 3- Gather evidence against the
accused

1. Physical Evidence- any object found at the CS

2. Testimonial Evidence- testimony from victim
or witness
3. Documentary Evidence- records
Note: Observed the principle of Chain of
Custody
Physical Evidence
Refers to any items that comes from non living origin
-Articles and materials which are found in connection with
an investigation and which help in establishing the identity
of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the
crime was committed or which in general, assist in the
prosecution of the criminal.
Real evidence- that which are directly addressed to the
senses of the court and consist of tangible things exhibited
in court
-also known as “object evidence”, “Autoptic or tangible
evidence”.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE –refers to any
item that comes from a non living origin
BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE- originates
from a living being such as bloodstains
and DNA
 KINDS OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

• CORPUS DELICTI- evidence that

substantiates elements whose
commission or omission must be
demonstrated to have occurred in
order to prove a case.
• It is also known as “the body of
• ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE- it is an
evidence which connects or links
the suspect to the crime scene or
to the victim.

• TRACING EVIDENCE- evidence that

helps identify and locate the
suspect.
 TOOLS OF
INVESTIGATOR IN
GATHERNG FACTS
 INFORMATION
• Data gathered by the investigator
from other person including the victim
himself and from:
a)Public records
b)Private records
c)Modus Operandi file
 Classification of sources of
Information:
a. Regular sources- records, files from
government or non-government
agencies, news items.
b. Cultivated- information furnished by
informants or informers.
c. Grapevines- information coming
from the underworld characters such as
prisoners or ex-convicts.
2. Interview
is a casual or simple inquiry to a
person who have knowledge to a
crime under investigation.
It is the process of eliciting
information from witnesses and
confidential informants.
 I.R.O.N.I.C
IDENTITY- the investigator will introduce himself to
the subject
RAPPORT- establish harmonious relationship
OPENING STATEMENT- explain the purpose
NARRATION- the subject will narrate the facts
INQUIRY- investigator will clarify or ask questions
CONCLUSION- thanking the subject for his
cooperation
The interviewer should be in
respectable civilian attire in
conducting interview because
most of the time, majority of
people is intimated to the
police uniform
 Factors that affect the accuracy of identification by eyewitnesses:

• VISIBILITY- Refers to the prevailing visibility during the

time Of the commission of an offense in the crime scene
• TIME- it deals with the lapse of time between the
violations and the identification was made
• RETENTION- it is the ability of the witness to positively
identify and remember how the criminal looks like . Its
distinct physical features particularly the face and body
built are very significant
 INTERROGATION

Is the skillful/vigorous questioning

of a person suspected of having
committed an offense or one who
is reluctant to disclose information
regarding the commission of crime.
 Distinctions of Interview and Interrogation
Interviews
•Purpose is to obtain information
•Moderate planning or preparation
•Private or semi-private environment is desirable

Interrogations
•Purpose is to test information already obtained
•Extensive planning or preparation
•Absolute privacy is essential
COMPLAINT- a sworn written statement charging a
person with an offense, subscribed by the offended
party, any peace officer or other public officer
charged with the enforcement of the law violated
INFORMATION - An accusation in writing charging
a person with an offense , subscribed by the
prosecutor and filed with the court
SUBPOENA- a writ of court commanding the
recipient to appear at a certain time and place to
give testimony upon a certain matter
 INSTRUMENTATION

•Is the scientific examination of real

evidence, application of instrument and
methods of physical sciences in
detecting crime.
•It is also known as CRIMINALISTICS.
2 COMMONLY USED SERVICES IN
CRIMINALISTICS:
1.PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
2.FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

3 Major scientific systems for

identification of criminals :
1.ANTHROPOMETRY
2.DACTYLOGRAPHY
3.DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
TYPING
 ANTHROPOMETRY

• Was based on the fact that every human being differs

from every other one in the exact measurements of
their body .
• This was developed by Alphonse Bertillon who was
regarded as the father of criminal identification and he
also introduced the PORTRAIT PARLE or Speaking
picture.
 DACTYLOGRAPHY
• The scientific study of fingerprints as a
method of identification

FINGERPRINTS- is the pattern on the inside of

a finger in the area between the tip and the
first joint and stays the same from the day of
the person’s birth and the day he dies .No two
persons fingerprints are exactly alike.
 THE WEST CASE
• In 1903 a fingerprint pattern of two
Levenworth Penitentiary prisoners revealed
that will west and William were two different
individuals . This was despite the facts that
two inmates had identical appearances and
identical Bertillon measurements. This
showed the superiority of fingerprints to
anthropometry as a system of identification.
 DNA TYPING
ENDERBY CASES
The first use of DNA Typing in criminal case was in 198
in England. These pertain to the rape cases of Lynda Man
and Dawn Asworth , both 15 years old and who were kille
after being raped at Enderby, England. Comparing th
DNA samples derived from the semen recovered from
both victim’s bodies, investigators realized that the sam
man had rape and killed both woman.
ANALYSIS- Study of the unknown evidence or item
found in the crime scene to determine its essential
characteristics
COMPARISON- the process of examining how the
characteristics of the evidence gathered compare
with the established property of known items
INDIVIDUALIZATION- refers to the uniqueness of
evidence made possible by the facts that no two
things occurring in nature are exactly the same
SPREE- a crime characteristic in
which crimes of the same type are
committed at almost the same time
by the same offender
SERIAL MURDER- usually, a series of
sexual attacks and resulting deaths
of at least 3 or 4 persons committed
by a killer who tend to follow a
distinct physical or psychological
 CHAIN OF CUSTODY

• It refers to the number of persons who

handled the evidence from the time of
its discovery up to the ultimate
disposition of the case. this should be
minimized as much as possible.
 CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

• Is the conduct of processes more particularly

on the recognition, search, collection,
handling, preservation and documentation of
physical evidence to include the
identification , interview and arrest of
suspects at the crime scene.
CRIME SCENE- is the location where the
offense was committed

Types of crime scene:

a.PRIMARY SCENE- is the location where
the initial offense was committed
b.SECONDARY SCENE- is the location of
all subsequent connected events
TYPES OF CRIME SCENE ACCORDING TO
SIZE:
A.MACROSCOPIC SCENE- is the large view
which includes things such as the relevant
location, the victim, and the suspects bodies, car
and building
B.MICROSCOPIC SCENE – consist of the
specific objects and pieces of evidences that are
associated with the commission of the crime
including bite marks, hairs and fiber, blood etc.
 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME
SCENE
• PHYSICAL RECONSTRUCTION- based on the
physical appearance of the crime scene mainly
focused on the pieces of physical evidence.
• MENTAL RECONSTRUCTION- conclusions
could be formulated based on the physical
reconstruction taking into account all available
pieces of evidence.
INDUCTIVE REASONING- the thought process
that moves from specific details to general
view , the facts of the case are used to arrive at the
logical explanation of the crime
DEDUCTIVE REASONING- The thought process
that moves from general premises to specific
details . A hypothesis about the crime is developed
and then tested against the factual situation to
arrive at a conclusion
5 FUNDAMENTAL RULES FOR THE
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATOR
1.Maintain control
2.Conceptualized events
3.Proceed with caution
4.Apply inclusiveness
5.Maintain documentation
 1. MAINTAIN CONTROL

• The person in charge with the crime scene should

cooperate with the press but the scope of
cooperation is limited by the need to avoid
interferences with the investigation, to protect the
legal rights of the suspect, avoid placing witness in
danger and other factors
 2. CONCEPTUALIZE EVENTS
• This facilitates the reconstruction of the
offense and the identification of the
perpetrator’s method of operation, suggest
the possible existence of certain types of
physical evidence, and assist in establishing
appropriate lines of inquiry.
 3. PROCEED WITH CAUTION
• In approaching the point of focus, small but
extremely important evidence maybe
destroyed, the area to be search may be too
rapidly defined and other areas might be
fruitfully explored are overlooked or given
only a cursory examination
 4. APPLY INCLUSIVENESS

• It dictates that every available piece

of evidence be obtained and when
there is a question as to whether a
particular item constitute evidence .
 5. MAINTAIN
DOCUMENTATION
• Documentation of crime scene is
a constant activity, starting with
the rough , shorthand record
created field notes
ARREST
 ARREST

• Is defined as taking of a person into custody in

order that he may be bound to answer the
commission of an offense.

• All arrest should be made only on the basis of

valid warrant of arrest issued by a competent
authority, except in cases under the doctrine
of Citizen’s arrest.
 HOW ARREST IS MADE?
• an arrest is made by actual
restraint of a person, or by
submission to the custody of
person making the arrest.
 WARRANT OF ARREST

• It is an order in writing issued in the name of

the people of the Philippines, signed by a
Judge and directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to arrest a person stated
therein and bring him before the honorable
court.
 TIME OF ARREST

•As a general rule, arrest may

be made on any day of the
week and at any time of the
day or night.
 EXECUTION OF WARRANT OF ARREST

• The warrant of arrest shall be executed within

10 days from receipt. Within 10 days, after the
expiration of such period, the officer to whom it
was assigned shall make a report to the judge
who issued the warrant, and in case failure to
execute the same shall state the reason thereof.
 LIFE OF A WARRANT OF ARREST

•A warrant of arrest, even not served

within the statutory period, remains
valid unless recalled by the issuing
court , or if the accused has arrested or
voluntary submitted himself to the
jurisdiction of the issuing court.
 WHO ARE EXEMPT FROM ARREST?

a)Senators or members of the house of

representatives, while congress is in
session, in all offenses punishable by
not more than 6 years imprisonment.
b)Diplomatic officials and their domestics.
 LAWFUL WARRANLESS ARREST
A peace officer or a private person, may without
warrant arrest a person when:

CAUGHT IN THE ACT

in his presence, the person to be arrested has
committed, actually commiting or attempting to
commit an offense
HOT PURSUIT
when an offense has just been committed and he has
probable cause to believe based on personal knowledge of
facts that the person to be arrested has committed it.
PRISONER ARREST
When a person to be arrested is a prisoner who has
escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is
serving final judgment or is temporary confined while his
case is pending , or has escaped while being transferred
from one confinement to another.
 DUTY OF PERSON MAKING ARREST
WITHOUT WARRANT

•a person making arrest on legal

grounds, without unnecessary delay
and within the time prescribed under
article 125 of the RPC , take the person
arrested to the proper court for
appropriate action.
INQUEST
informal and summary investigation conducted
by a public prosecutor in criminal cases involving
persons arrested and detained without the benefit
of a warrant for the purpose of determining
whether or not said persons should remain under
custody an correspondingly be charged in court.
Prescription period on filing the case to
PJA:
 Light – not more than 12 hours
 Correctional – not more than 18 hours
 Afflictive – not more than 36 hours
 Drug related case – not more than 24
hours
 Suspected terrorist – not more than 72
hours
 OFFICER MAY SUMMON ASSISTANCE

• An officer making a lawful arrest may

orally summon as many persons as he
deems necessary to assist him in
effecting the arrest. every person so
summoned by the officer shall assist
him in executing the arrest when he
can render such assistance without
detriment to himself.
 RIGHT OF OFFICER TO BREAK INTO
BUILDING OR ENCLOSURE

• an officer, in order to make an arrest either

by virtue of warrant or without warrant,
may break into any enclosure where the
person to arrested is or reasonably believed
to be, refused admittance thereto after
announcing his authority and purpose.
RIGHT TO BREAK OUT FROM BUILDING OR
ENCLOSURE

•whenever an officer has entered

the building or enclosure, he
may break out there from when
necessary to liberate himself.
COMPROMISE- An agreement of two or more parties
as a settlement of matters in dispute
OFFER OF COMPROMISE NOT ADMISSIBLE:
In Civil cases, an offer of compromise is not an
admission of any liability and is not admissible in
evidence against the offeror
In criminal cases, Except those involving quasi
offences( criminal negligence) or those allowed by the
law to be compromised, an offer of compromised by
the accused may be received in evidence as implied
admission of guilt
QUASI RECIDIVISM- any person who
shall commit a felony after having been
convicted by final judgment, while
serving his sentence shall be punished
by the maximum penalty prescribed by
law for the new felony
HABITUAL CRIMINAL- within the period of 10 years,
from the date of his last release or conviction of the
crimes of serious or less serious physical injury,
falsification, robbery, estafa, theft of any aforementioned
crimes of 3 times or more (FRETSL)

RECIDIVIST- is one who at the time of his trial for 1

crime, shall have been convicted by final judgment of
another crime embraced in the same title of the revised
penal code
SEARCH AND SEIZURE
 SEARCH

• Search is the examination of an

individual person , house, papers or
effects, or other building or premises
to discover contraband or some
evidence of guilt to be used in the
prosecution of criminal action.
 SEARCH WARRANT

• An order in writing issued in the name

of the people of the philippines , signed
by a judge and directed to a peace
officer, commanding him to search for
personal property described therein
and bring it before the court.
 ITEMS TO BE SEIZED

• property subject of the offense

• property stolen or embezzled and other
proceeds of fruits of the offense; and
• property used or intened to be used in
commiting an offense.
MAY THINGS ILLEGALLY SEIZED BE ADMITTED IN
EVIDENCE?

•the fruits of an illegal search are

inadmissible as evidence. any evidence
obtained in violation of the right of the
people against unlawful searches and
seizures shall be inadmissble for any
purpose in the proceeding.
 MAY ARTICLES NOT MENTIONED IN
SEARCH WARRANT BE SEIZED?
• generally, articles not included in search
warrant may not be seized.
• however, articles prohibited by a statute,
although not included in search warrant may
be seized.
• thus, if during the progress of a bonifide searc
for other commodities illegally possesed , the
 VALIDITY OF SEARCH WARRANT

•a search warrant must be

serve within ten (10 )days
from its date , thereafter, it
shall be void.
SEARCH OF HOUSE ROOMS AND PREMISES

no search of a house or room or any other

premises shall be made except in the
presence of the lawful occupant tf or any
member of his family or in the absence of
the latter, two witnesses of sufficient age
and discretion residing in the same locality.
 TIME OF MAKING SEARCH

•The warrant must direct that it

shall be served on DAYTIME,
unless it is stated in he warrant
that it can be served at any time
of the day or night.
 HOW TO SERVE A SEARCH WARRANT?
• The police officer concerned must go to the place indicated in
search warrant and take the things described therein in the
presence of at least two witnesses who is resident of the
neighborhood.
• The search must be made at daytime unless otherwise stated.
• The officer seizing the property must issue a detailed receipt
of the things seized to the person in whose possession it was
found, or in the absence of such person, he must, in the
presence of at least one witness, leave such receipt in the
place where such things were seized.
 in compliance with this procedure, it has been standard
practice to issue a RECEIPT FOR PROPERTY SEIZED after a
seizure. The receipt is signed by seizing officer only and
two witnesses.
Such receipt when signed by the accused, is in effect an
extrajudicial confession of the commission of the offense.
Consequently, if the accused does not sign such receipt, it
may still be used in evidence.

If the accused did in fact sign the receipt, but he signed

it with assistance of lawyer of his choice, that act would
constitute a valid waiver of his right against self
incrimination.
• As much as possible, during the opening safes,
drawers, cabinet, tables, and etc. the lifting of the
articles should be done by the owner of the house
or his authorized representative, or by immediate
members of his family, to preclude any suspicion
of theft and planting of evidence.

Thereafter, the officer must immediately deliver

the things or property seized to the judge who
issued the warrant, together with the inventory
verified underoath.
 LAWFUL WARRANTLESS SEARCHES

•When there is a consent or

waiver. To be valid waiver , the
right must exist , the owner must
be aware of such right, and he
must have no attention to
relinquish it.
•When evidence to be
seized is in Plain view.
The discovery of
evidence must be
inadvertently or
unintentional.
•Custom searches or search
made at airports and
seaports in order to collect
duties. The warrantless
search is allowed due to
urgency.
•Search of moving vehicle may
be made without a warrant
because it would be impractical
to secure a warrant before
engaging in hot pursuit.
•Routine searches made
at or in the interest of
national security , such
as border checks or
checkpoints.
 LAWFUL WARRANTLESS SEARCHES

•Stop and search or stop and

frisk, when the search precedes
the arrest and it is allowed on
grounds of reasonable suspicion.
• Search incidental to lawful arrest.
A person arrested may be search
for dangerous weapon or anything
which may be used as proof of the
commission of the offense, without
a search warrant.
 LAWFUL WARRANTLESS SEARCH
• CONSENT OR WAIVER (VOLUNTARY)
• PLAIN VIEW (INADVERTENTLY DISCOVERED)
• CUSTOM SEARCH (AIRPORT AND SEAPORT)
• SEARCH OF MOVING VEHICLE (SUSPECTED VEHICLE)
• ROUTINE SEARCH( CHECKPOINTS)
• SEARCH INCIDENTAL TO LAWFUL ARREST (SEARCH
AFTER ARREST)
• STOP AND FRISK (REASONABLE SUSPICION)
• Mapp vs. Ohio (1961) – Exclusionary Rule – excludes
from trial any evidence obtained illegally/ (under the 4th
Amendments of the U.S Constitution, Bill of Rights)
“Exclusionary Rule of Evidence”
• Terry vs. Ohio (1968) – legality of “Stop and Frisk” and
the concept of Search incident to the Arrest
• Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine – evidence
generated by or directly obtained from an illegal search
also be excluded
PROCEDURE AT THE CRIME SCENE
 1. UPON ARRIVAL AT THE CRIME SCENE

record time/date of arrival at the crime scene,

location of the scene, condition of the weather,
condition and type of lighting, direction of the
wind and vissibility.

secure the scene by installing the crime scene

tape or rope(police line).
 before touching or moving any object at the
crime scene, determine first the status of the
victim, whether he is still alive or already dead.

if the victim is alive, the investigator should

exert effort to gather information from the
victim regarding the circumstances of the crime
while the other member of the team or
someone must call an ambulance from the
nearest hospital.
 THE DYING DECLARATION

• Dying declaration is the statement as to the

cause of the persons death , made by the person
who has physically injured by the hands of
another and without hope of recovery and
subsequently dies of such injury.
• It is considered as competent evidence and
admissible only when the person has no hope of
recovery.
• If the person is able to speak, attempt to obtain
statement in the presence of witnesses and try to
have the victim sign the statement.
1. What is your name?
2. Do you believe you are about to die?
3. Do you have any hope of recovery from the effects
of injury you received?
4. Please tell me how you received the injury from
which you are now suffering.
5. Please give me the name of the person who did
this to you and why he did it.
After the victim is removed and
brought to the hospital for medical
attention, measure, sketch and
photograph the crime scene.

Note: only a coronal or medical

examiner shall remove the dead
body unless unusual circumstance
 Designate other member of the team or
ummon policeman or responsible persons to
stand, watch and secure the scene, permit only
those authorized person to enter the same.
 identify and retain for questioning the person
who first notify the police, and other possible
witnesses.
determine the assailant through inquiry or
observe him if his identity is immediately
apparent. Arrest him if he still inhe vicinity.
 2. RECORDING
• The investigator should record the time
when he was initially notified prior to
his arrival.
• he also writes down the identification of
the person involved of what he initially
saw.
• he also draws a basic sketch of the
• Three Most Common Methods
of Recording a Crime Scene

Crime Scene Note Taking

Crime Scene Photograph
Crime Scene Sketch
a.Photographs will supplies maximum
information and to enable the viewer to
understand how the crime was
committed.
b.Sketches. is the simplest and the most
effective way of showing actual
measurement.
c. Note Taking- writing of important
observations in the crime scene.
Long-range
Photographs
Photos that show general
view of a CS
Photos that show general view of a CS
 Mid-range Photographs
Photographs taken from 8 to 10 feet from subject
Photograph show general view of a
subject/object in a crime scene
Close-up range
Photographs

Photos that show details of a

subject
Crime Scene Sketches
 SKETCH

• It is the simplest and most effective way of

showing actual measurements and identifying
significant items of evidence in their location at
the crime scene.

reminder: Sketches are not substitute for notes

or photos they are but supplement to them.
 KINDS OF SKETCH

ROUGH SKETCH- made by the investigator at

the crime scene, everything is approximate and it
is used as the basis of the Finished sketch.

FINISHED SKETCH- made at the office, scale

and proportion is observed for this is made for
court presentation
 OBJECT OF SKETCHING BY THE POLICE

1.SKETCH OF LOCALITY- this provide for the

view of the crime scene and its environment it
includes roads, neighboring buildings, location
of houses and etc.
in arson cases, this is very valuable since it
allows the fire investigator if the incident was
caused by nearby inflammable property.
2. SKETCH OF GROUNDS- it includes
crime scene with its nearest physical
surrounding like house with a garden.
3. SKETCH OF DETAILS- it describes the
immediate scene where the crime was
committed such as the room of the victim
and the essential details thereof.
 4. CROSS PROJECTION
THIS METHOD, WALLS AND CEILING ARE PICTURED AS IF ON THE SAME PLANE AS
OF THE FLOOR.
Elements of Sketching:
• Measurements- this must be
accurate;
• Compass direction- a standard
arrow that designate the “North”
orientation to facilitate correct
orientation;
• Essential Items- important items of
investigation.
• Legend- refers to the explanation of
the symbols used to identify the
objects found in the crime scene.

• Title- includes case identification,

victims identification, scene
portrayed, location, date and hour
made and the name of the sketcher.
 METHODS OF LOCATING OBJECTS ON
SKETCH:
• RECTANGULAR COORDINATES-
Measurement of the right angle from
each of two walls.
• TRIANGULATION- measurements are
made from each of two fixed objects to
the point you want to plot or locate so
as to form an imaginary triangle.
 DONT'S IN MAKING CRIME SCENE SKETCH

Do not forget the direction of the compass.

do not rely on others to give
measeurements, it should be done
personally by the measurer.
do not include things which are irrelevant
in the case it will make the sketch more
crowded. simplicity is the advantage of the
sketch.
 NOTE TAKING (NOTES)
•Required in court
•Includes a detailed written
description of the scene
•Used to refresh memories
 3. SEARCHING FOR EVIDENCE
A General survey of the scene is always made, however,
to note the location of obvious traces or action, the
probable entry and exit points used by the offender and
the size and shape of the area involved.

in rooms, buildings and small outdoor areas, a

systematic search of evidence is initiated and a
clockwise movement should be used.
 IN EXAMINING THE CRIME SCENE, THE
INVESTIGATOR SHOULD:
• give particular attention to fragile evidences that may
be destroyed or contaminated if it is not collected
when discovered.
• if any doubt exist as to the value of an item, treat it as
evidence until proven otherwise.
• ensure the items or area where latent fingerprints may
be present are closely examined and action taken to
develop the prints.
`TYPES OF SEARCHES
Strip Search Method

The searchers (A, B and C) proceed slowly

at the same pace along the path of the
rectangle and returned to another pace.
Double Strip or Grid Search Method

This method is a modification of the Strip

Method. Here, the searchers will traversed
first to the base then to the side.
Spiral Search Method

The three Searchers follow-each-other in

the path of a spiral, beginning on the
outside and spiraling-in towards the center..
Wheel Search Method

If the area to be searched is approximately

circular or oval, the wheel method may be used.
The searchers gather at the center, and proceed
out-ward along radii or spokes.
ZONE METHOD- best for wide area
like stadium
SPIRAL METHOD- best for small room
WHEEL METHOD- Best for wide area
STRIP METHOD –best for bomb
search
 4. COLLECTING THE EVIDENCE

5. Removal of evidence
• the investigator places his initial , the date and time of discovery on each
item of evidence for proper identification.
• items that could not be marked should be placed in suitable container and
sealed.
 6. TAGGING, EVALUATION AND
PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE.

7. releasing the crime scene

 THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
• Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding
• Became the First Modern Detective Force
 METROPOLITAN POLICE ACT OF 1829

• It was established through the effort of Sir Robert Peel

which created the metropolitan police force in
London.
• Its headquartes is known as “SCOTLAND YARD”
• Sir Robert Peel - He is also considered as the
“father of modern policing.”
 Important Personalities Who Developed
Criminal Investigation

• Eugene Francois Vidocq – He was a former criminal/crook turned Paris police

investigator. He is credited with the founding La Surete, France’s national detective
organization. Considered those in law enforcement to be the “father of modern
criminal investigation”.
• Jonathan Wild –He was a former criminal who first introduced the
idea of “thief taker”. He was named as “thief taker general”.
• Francis Turkey – Pioneered police
“raid”.

• Hans Gross – Father of Criminalistics.

• John Fielding – Developed
paid informant. Younger
brother of Henry Fielding.
• Charles Dickens – Introduced the term
“Detectives”.

• Allan Pinkerton – He is regarded as “America’s

founder of Criminal Investigation” and the most
famous private investigator of his time. He formed
the Major Private agency in Chicago known as
PINKERTON’S NATIONAL DETECTIVE AGENCY in 1849.
• Insp. Thomas Bynes – American
founder of criminal “Modus
Operandi” (“MO”) and Rogues’
Gallery containing pictures of known
offenders.
• Edgar J. Hoover – First FBI Director
• Edmond Locard – (Locard’s Theory) Transfer of
evidence.
• Calvin H. Goddard – (Father of Ballistics)
•