LIFE IS

CELLULAR
LIFE CAN BE FOUND IN THE FORM
• SINGLE CELL • MULTI-CELL ORGANISM
ORGANISM
HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT THE
CELL?
ROBERT HOOKE
-First light
microscope
- Cork made of “cells”
ANTON VAN LEEUVENHOEK
Used simple microscope to
observe living organisms in
water
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

Plants made of cells

THEODOR SCHWANN
• Animals made of cells

• Schwann cells cover axon

of nerve cell
RUDOLPH VIRCHOW
• Cells come from
existing cells
JANET PLOWE
• Cell membrane is a
defined physical
structure
Review: Biologists and Their Discoveries
That Led to The Cell Theory
 Robert Hooke • First light microscope, cork
made of “cells”
 Anton van Leeuvenhoek • Simple microscope, living
organisms in water
 Matthias Schleiden • Plants made of cells

 Theodor Schwann • Animals made of cells

 Rudolph Virchow • Cells come from existing

cells
• Cell membrane is physical
 Janet Plowe structure
 What is the Cell Theory?
Three Main Components:
• All living things are composted of cells.
• Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in living things.
• New cells are produced from existing cells.
Is It current?
YES
 TWO CATAGORIES FOR
DISTINGUISHING CELL TYPE
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
 PROKAYOTE
• Smaller and simpler
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• No nuclei
• But, contain DNA within
cytoplasm
• All bacteria are
prokaryotes
• They grow, reproduce,
respond to change
• Some move
 EUKARYOTE
• Vary in shape, some large
• Have cell membrane and
cytoplasm
• Have nuclei and many
other organelles
• Some single-celled
beings
• Many multi-celled beings
• All plants, animals, fungi,
and many
microorganisms are
eukaryotes
CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Cell Wall
Location?
Outer most boundary
in plant, bacteria and
fungi cells

Function?
• Provides support and
protection for the cell
•Helps maintain cell
shape
Cell
Membrane
Location?
•Outer boundary of animal
and protist cells. Outer edge
of cytoplasm.
Function?
•Regulates what enters and
exits the cell
•Supports cell structures and
provides strong barrier
between cell and
surroundings.
Construction?
•Lipid bilayer, also
containing proteins and
carbohydrates
Nucleus
Location?
•In all cells but bacteria
cells
•Often most prominent
structure in center of cell

Function?
•Controls cell processes
•Stores hereditary
information of DNA
•Codes for protein
synthesis (making of
proteins most important
role of cell)
 Binuclear, Binucleate, and Multinucleate
Cells
Some cells have more
than one nucleus.

Examples:
Cells that destroy bone
Some liver cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Nuclear
Envelope
Location?
•Surrounds nucleus
Function?
•Double membrane
layer that contains
pores which allow
material to move into
and out of the nucleus
•Steady stream of RNA
and other info-
carrying molecules to
the rest of the cell
Chromatin
Location?
•Most of the time it is
spread throughout the
nucleus

Function?
•Granular in structure, it
contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
Chromosomes
Location?
•Inside and throughout
the nucleus
•Seen during cell division

Description?
Chromatin condenses into
threads to form
Chromosomes

Function?
•Contains DNA that control
cell activities and protein
synthesis
•Pass genetic info from one
generation to the next
Nucleolus
Location?
•Dark spherical
mass inside the
nucleus

Function?
•Assembly of
ribosomes begin
here
Cytoplasm
Location?
•Material inside the cell
membrane but not
including the nucleus
•Contains many structures
called organelles
•Some cells may contain
cytoskeleton

Function?
•Establishes living
condition to supply and
transport materials for cell
activities
Cytoskeleton
Location?
•Extending from nucleus to
cell membrane in some
cells

Description?
•Made up of protein
filaments called
microtubules and
microfilaments

Function?
•Helps cell maintain shape
and involved in many
forms of cell movement
Centrioles
Location?
•Paired structures just
outside the nuclear
envelope in the cytoplasm
•Only in animal cells
Function?
•During cell division,
centrioles separate and
take up positions on
opposite sides of the
nucleus
•Help organize the spindle
that separate the
chromosomes
Cilia &
Flagella
Location?
•Both extend from the
surface of the cell

Cilia
Description?
Cilia – numerous, short,
hair-like projections
Flagella- one or two,
longer whip-like structures

Function?
Both used to propel
Flagella
individual cells through
environment
Endoplasmic
Reticulum (E.R.)
Location?
•Extend from nuclear
envelop to cell membrane
Description?
Rough E.R. – contain
ribosomes
Smooth E.R. – do not
contain ribosomes
Function?
•Transport materials
•Rough E.R. modify
proteins for secretion
•Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes that make lipids
Ribosome
Location?
•In nucleus,
cytoplasm, and Rough
E.R.

Function?
•Produce proteins
following coded
instruction that come
from the nucleus
Golgi
Apparatus
Location?
•Near E.R. and nucleus

Function?
•Stack of membranes that
accept proteins produced
by the rough E.R.
•Contain enzymes that
attach carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins (“package
proteins”)
•Proteins then sent to final
destinations
 Lysosome
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm
of the cell
•Rare in plant cells

Function?
•Small organelles filled with
enzymes that break down
lipids, carbohydrates and
proteins from food into
particles that can be used by
the rest of the cell.
•Also a “cell cleaner” to
break down old organelles
and dead pathogens.

© 2003 Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.

Plant Vacuole
Location?
•Saclike structure in the
cytoplasm
Description?
Plant cells – Single, large
central vacuole
Function?
•Store materials such as
water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
•Pressure in plant vacuole
aid in support of plant cell
(lack of water – wilting)
Vacuoles
Location?
•Saclike structures in the
cytoplasm
Description?
Animal & Protists – Small,
multiple vacuoles
Function?
•Store materials such as
water, salts, proteins and
carbohydrates
•Remove excess water
from cell (contractile
vacuole)
Chloroplasts
Location?
•Found in cytoplasm of
plants, some protists and
bacteria

Function?
•Use energy from sunlight to
make energy-rich food
molecules (glucose).
•The name of this process?
Photosynthesis

Note: Chloroplasts contain

some of their own genetic
info or DNA that is essential
to the function of the
chloroplast.
 Mitochondria
Location?
•Throughout the cytoplasm
•More numerous in cells
that have high energy
requirements.
Function?
•Organelles that release
energy in the form of ATP
from stored food molecules
(glucose)
•The name of this process?
Cellular Respiration
Note: Mitochondria contain
some of their own genetic
info or DNA that is essential
to the function of the
mitochondrion.

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plant Mitochondria
Human Liver Cell Mitochondria
Review: Cell Structures and Functions
A. Cell Membrane

B. Centriole

C. Chromosomes
(DNA)

D. ER (rough)

E. ER (smooth)

F. Golgi apparatus

G. Mitochondrion

H. Nucleus

I. Nucleolus

J. Ribosomes

K. Specialized
Vesicle, a Lysosome

M. Vesicle/Vacuole