The Nano World

Preface

Is nanotechnology the gateway to the

future for human beings on Earth?

Figure 1.1: Where does your imagination take you?

 Brief History
The concepts of nanotechnology are not new to nature or to
mankind. An early example of a manmade nanoprocess is stained
glass.

Figure 1.7: Stained glass windows. Figure 1.8: Picture of gold nano particles.
 Brief History, Continued
Birth of Nanotechnology
• Professor Taniguchi of Tokyo Science
University used the word “nanotechnology”
to describe the science and technology of
processing or building parts with nanometric
tolerances.
•A nanometer is a unit of length in the metric
system, equal to one billionth of a meter. Figure 1.9: Tokyo Science University.

Figure 1.10: Equivalent Units

 Brief History, Continued
Dr. Richard P. Feynman
• “Why cannot we write the entire 24
volumes of the Encyclopedia
Britannica on the head of a pin?”

Dr. Richard Feynman, one of

America’s most notable physicists,
1918-1988.

Figure 1.11: Richard Feynman.

 Brief History Continued,
Dr. Feynman, Continued
• “The problems of chemistry and Surely You’re
biology can be greatly helped if our Joking
ability to see what we are doing, and
to do things on an atomic level, is
Mr. Feynman!
ultimately developed – a Adventures of a Curious
development which I think cannot be Character
avoided.”
By Richard Feynman

Figure 1.12: Collection of reminiscences by

Nobel Prize-winning physicist.
 Brief History, Continued
Atomic Scale
• A computer image of the nano
ice double helix.

• In the nano ice image, oxygen

atoms are blue in the inner
helix, purple in the outer helix.
Hydrogen atoms are white.

Figure 1.13: A nanotechnology self-assembly process.

 More History
Eric Drexler
• Coined the term “Grey Goo”…the Engines of Creation
potential problem of self-replicating and
autonomous artificial intelligence
machines. The Coming Era
of Nanotechnology

By K. Eric Drexler
Figure 1.14: Drexler’s book.

Figure 1.15: DNA damage.

 More History,
Continued
Eric Drexler, Continued
Cell Repair Machines
• “By working along molecule by
molecule and structure by
X
structure, repair machines will be
able to repair whole cells. By
working along cell by cell and
tissue by tissue, they…will be
able to repair whole organs…they
will restore health.” - Drexler,
1986 Figure 1.16: Stylized example of
targeted cell repair.
 Definition
“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at
dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique
phenomena enable novel applications.”

“Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering and technology,

nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and
manipulating matter at this length scale.”

National Nanotechnology Initiative, 2007

 Nanotechnology
• is already making today’s products:
– Lighter
– Stronger
– Faster
– Smaller
– More Durable
How small is Nano - small?

Units in nanometers (µm)

 Compared to Human Hair

A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide

 Two Parts of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology is often divided into two parts:
– Nanoscience – where researchers learn about the chemical and
physical properties of materials at the 1- 100 nanometer (nm)
scale. Materials at 1-100 nm are called nanostructures. They are
the smallest things that can be made.
– Nanotechnology – where researchers develop and apply
materials at this scale to develop new products or methods; i.e.,
turning nanostructures into useable tools and applications
 Unique Properties and
Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology involves the manufacturing and application of
instruments and materials that have unique properties because of
their small size.
• At the nanoscale, properties of materials behave differently and are
said to behave under atomic and molecular rules.
• Researchers are using these unique properties of materials at this
small scale to create new and exciting tools and products in all
areas of science and engineering.
 Nanofabrication
– Top-down nanofabrication – start with
large material and bring it down to the
nanoscale
– Bottom-up nanofabrication – start with
individual atoms and build upwards to
make a nanostructure
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Dip pen lithography

– it is a method in which the tip of an atomic
force microscope is “dipped” into a chemical
fluid and then utilized to “write” on a surface,
like an old-fashioned ink pen onto paper.
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Self-assembly
– It depicts an approach wherein a set of
components join together to mold an
organized structure in the absence of an
outside direction.
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Chemical vapor deposition

– It is a procedure wherein chemicals act in
response to form very pure, high-performance
films.
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Nanoimprint lithography
– It is a method of generating nanoscale
attributes by “stamping” or “printing” them
onto a surface.
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Molecular beam epitaxy

– It is one manner for depositing extremely
controlled thin films.
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Roll-to-roll processing
– It is a high-volume practice for constructing
nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic
or metal.
New approaches to the assembly of nanomaterials based
from the application of principles in top-down and bottom-
up fabrication.

• Atomic layer epitaxy

– It is a means for layering down one atom
thick layers on a surface.
Nanotechnology is not New!
Gold nanoparticles in glass are reflected as red

Ancient stained-glass makers knew if they put finely ground gold or silver
in the glass they would get beautiful colors. They used nanosized gold and
silver particles. Optical properties change with the nanoscale.
 Nanoscience Biomimicry
Ways scientists are attempting to mimic the wonders of
nanoscience in nature:
•sticky “feet”
•strong spider silk

•self-cleaning light reflecting butterfly wings

•optical nanoscience

•water collecting beetle backs

•tough and light toucan beaks

•and the list could go on and on.

Taken from WebQuest Nanoscience in Nature by Jeanne Nye

What are some applications
of Nanotechnology?
Applications of Nanotechnology
 Current Applications
• burn and wound dressings, water filtration
devices, paints, cosmetics, coatings,
lubricants, textiles, memory/storage
devices
• medical diagnostics, displays, sensors,
drug delivery, composite materials, solid
state lighting, bio-materials, nano arrays,
more powerful computers, protective
armor, chem-bio suits, and chem-bio
sensors
Nanofiltration for Clean Water

http://www.lifesaversystems.com
 Nano Careers
• Design Public Service
• Development Fabrication
• National security Patent Attorney
• Technical support Environment
• Research Sales
• Management Teaching
• Packaging Testing
• Energy producer Construction
• Clothing design And Many More
 Possible Applications of
Nanotechnology in the Philippines
• ICT and semiconductors
• Health and medicine
• Energy
• Food and agriculture
• Environment
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in
Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
1. US National Nanotechnology Initiative [i] The
best known and most funded program is the
National Nanotechnology Initiative of the US. The
NNI was established in 2001 to coordinate US
federal nanotechnology R&D. The NNI budget in
2008 and 2009 were $1.4bn and $1.5bn,
respectively.
2. European Commission [ii] In February 2008, the
EC officially launched the European
Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council
(ENIAC)
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in
Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
3. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the
National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, AIST)
4. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology
Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
5. India (Nanotechnology Research and Education
Foundation)
6. China (National Center for Nanoscience and
Technology)
7. Israel (Israel National Nanotechnology Initiative)
Government Funding for Nanotechnology in
Different Countries (Dayrit, 2005)
8. Australia (Australian Office of Nanotechnology)
9. Canada (National Institute for Nanotechnology
(NINT)
10. South Korea (Korea National Nanotechnology
Initiative)
11. Thailand (National Nanotechnology Center
(NANOTEC)
12. Malaysia (National (Malaysia) Nanotechnology
Initiatives (NNI)
Benefits and Concerns of Using
Nanotechnology
1. Nanotechnology is not a single technology; it
may become pervasive
2. Nanotechnology seeks to produce new
materials with specific properties
3. Nanotechnology may introduce new efficiencies
and paradigms which may make some natural
resources and current practices uncompetitive
or obsolete
4. It may be very difficult to detect its presence
unless one has the specialist tools of
nanotechnology
 Benefits and concerns of the Application of
Nanotechnology in Different Areas
Examples of Areas Affected Possible Benefits Concerns
by Nanotechnology

Environment • Improved detection and • High reactivity and toxicity

removal of contaminants • Pervasive distribution in the
• Development of benign environment
industrial processes and • No nano-specific EPA
materials regulation

Health • Improved medicine • Ability to cross cell

membranes and translocate
in the body
• No FDA approval needed
fro cosmetics or
supplements

Economy • Better products • Redistribution of wealth

• New jobs • Potential cost of cleanups
and healthcare
• Accessibility to all income
levels
 Social and Ethical Considerations in
Conducting Research on Nanotechnology
1. Who will benefit from it? On the other hand, who wont?
2. For whom and what are your objectives for developing
your product?
3. How will it affect social, economic, and political
relationships?
4. What problem is your “product” trying to solve?
5. Who will have access to it? Who will be excluded?
6. Are there dangers involved with its development? How
can you minimize them?
7. Who will own it? How can you assure access to it?
THE END!!!!