S2 BUCKLING OF STRUT

SECTION 5 GROUP 3
GROUP MEMBERS:
1. KHOIRUDDIN SYAH BIN AZMAN
2. LAU SHENG FENG
3. LOGESWARAN S/O GOVINDARAJAN
4. MANISAH BINTI ZAINAL

LECTURER: EN. MUHAMMAD FAQHRURRAZI BIN ABD RAHMAN

THEORY
• Buckling is a failure type, which occurs under the
vertical load on columns.
• Buckling occurs suddenly and without warning when a
certain limit load is attained.
• It is therefore an extremely dangerous type of failure,
which must be avoided by all means.
• As, soon as a rod begins to buckle, it will become
deformed to the point of total destruction.
• This is typical unstable behavior. Buckling is a stability
problem
Buckling cases
• Euler buckling formula for pin struts:
Pe=π2EI/L2
Where;
• Pe= Euler buckling load (N)
• E = Young’s Modulus (Nm-2)
• I = Second moment of area ( m4)
• L = length of strut ( m )
RESULTS
Table 1 : Results for Experiment 1 (pinned end)
Strut No. Length (mm) Buckling Buckling 1/𝑳𝟐
Load(N) Load(N) (𝒎−𝟐 )
Experiment Theory
1 320 -73 88.45 9.77
2 370 -54 66.16 7.35
3 420 -50 51.35 5.64
4 470 -33 41.00 6.25
5 520 -23 33.50 3.69
a) Pinned – Fixed Strut

Table 2 : Results for Experiment 2 (pinned-fixed)

Strut No. Length (mm) Buckling Buckling 1/𝑳𝟐
Load(N) Load(N) (𝒎−𝟐 )
Experiment Theory
1 300 -100 201.27 11.1
2 350 -71 147.87 8.16
3 400 -50 113.22 6.25
4 450 -73 89.46 4.94
5 500 -50 72.46 4
b) Fixed - End Strut

Table 3 : Results for Experiment 3 (fixed end)

Strut No. Length (mm) Buckling Buckling 1/𝑳𝟐
Load(N) Load(N) (𝒎−𝟐 )
Experiment Theory
1 280 -150 462.22 12.76
2 330 -121 332.68 9.18
3 380 -175 250.9 6.93
4 430 -147 195.94 5.41
5 480 -80 157.25 4.34
OBSERVATION
• There are 3 end conditions
• The strut will remain straight until end load reaches a critical
value and buckling will be initiated.
• It is important to set the dial gauge at zero before the load
applied.
• If the length of the struts increased , the load applied to the
strut will increased.
• When the load was applied, the strut will bend to the left or
right.
• The value of load was increased compared to the three
condition. If the strut reached a maximum value of load, the
load applied after it will not increases
CALCULATION
Sample Calculation of Experiment 1 (Pinned ends)

𝐸𝐼𝜋2 𝑁
𝑃𝑒 = Where ≫ E = 69 × 109
𝐿2 𝑚2
(0.02)(0.002)3
≫I= = 1.33 × 10−11 𝑚4
12

 When Strut 1 (320mm)

1
Theoretical Buckling Load (N) Value of (𝑚−2 )
𝐿2
(69 × 109 )(1.33 × 10−11 )𝜋2 1
= 𝑃𝑒 = =88.45N = = 9.77
(320 × 10−3 )2 (320 × 10−3 )2

Error Percentage (%)

88.45 −73
= x 100 = 17.475%
88.45
Sample Calculation of Experiment 2 (Pinned- Fixed)

2𝐸𝐼𝜋2 𝑁
𝑃𝑒 = Where ≫ E = 69 × 109
𝐿2 𝑚2
(0.02)(0.002)3
≫I= = 1.33 × 10−11 𝑚4
12

 When Strut 1 (300mm)

1 −2 )
Theoretical Buckling Load (N) Value of (𝑚
𝐿2
(69 × 109 )(1.33 × 10−11 )𝜋2 1
= 𝑃𝑒 = = 201.27 N = = 11.1
(300 × 10−3 )2 (300 × 10−3 )2

Error Percentage (%)

201.27−100
= x 100 = 50.315 %
201.27
Sample Calculation of Experiment 3 (Fixed ends)

4𝐸𝐼𝜋2 𝑁
𝑃𝑒 = Where ≫ E = 69 × 109
𝐿2 𝑚2
(0.02)(0.002)3
≫I= = 1.33 × 10−11 𝑚4
12

 When Strut 1 (280 mm)

1 −2 )
Theoretical Buckling Load (N) Value of (𝑚
𝐿2
(69 × 109 )(1.33 × 10−11 )𝜋2 1
= 𝑃𝑒 = = 462.22 N = = 12.76
(280 × 10−3 )2 (280 × 10−3 )2

Error Percentage (%)

462.22 −150
= x 100 = 67.55 %
462.22
DISCUSSION
Lab Safety Begins Before You
100
Graph of Buckling Load vs 1/L2 (Pinned-Pinned)

Go to the Lab! 90

80
• (Use this space to list two things you should do before
going
70
to the lab.)
BUCKLING LOAD (N)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1/L2 (m-2)

Experiment Theory Linear (Experiment) Linear (Theory)

 Lab Safety Begins Before You
100
250
Graph of Buckling Load vs 1/L2 (Pinned-Pinned)
Graph of Buckling Load vs 1/L2 (Pinned-Fixed)

Go to the Lab! 90

80
200
• 70(Use this space to list two things you should do before
going to the lab.)
(N)
(N)

60
LOAD

150
LOAD

50
BUCKLING
BUCKLING

40
100

30

20
50

10

0
00 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 -2 8 10 12
1/L2 (m )
1/L2 (m-2)
Experiment Theory Linear (Experiment) Linear (Theory)
Experiment Theory Linear (Experiment) Linear (Theory)
 Lab Safety Begins Before You
100
500
Graph of Buckling Load vs 1/L2 (Pinned-Pinned)
Graph of Buckling Load vs 1/L2 (Fixed-Fixed)

Go to the Lab! 90
450

80
400
• 70(Use this space to list two things you should do before
going
350
to the lab.)
BUCKLING LOAD (N)
BUCKLING LOAD (N)

60
300

50
250

40
200

30
150

20
100

10
50

0
00 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1/L2(m -2)
1/L (m-2)
2

Experiment Theory Linear (Experiment) Linear (Theory)

Experiment Theory Linear (Experiment) Linear (Theory)
• Graph of buckling load versus 1/L2 prove the relationship is
linear.
• Buckling load for theory is larger than experiment.
• Buckling load is inversely proportional to square of length.
• Euler formula predicts the buckling load.
• Euler formula:
𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
• 𝑃𝑒 = (Pinned-End Strut)
𝐿2
2𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
• 𝑃𝑒 = (Pinned-Fixed Strut)
𝐿2
4𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
• 𝑃𝑒 = (Fixed-End Strut)
𝐿2
 Pinned-Pinned Pinned-Fixed Fixed-Fixed

Experimental
7.5N/m2 9.62N/m2 15.63N/m2
Gradient
Theoretical
8.75N/m2 17.31N/m2 36.25N/m2
Gradient
Experimental
1.0 1.28 2.08
ratios
Theoretical
1.0 1.98 4.14
ratios
Sources of error
• The test strut used is not straight at initial.
• Multiple use of test strut.
• Parallax error.
• Determination of direction of strut buckle for “flicking”.
• Ends of struts are not tighten.
Relationship
• Relationship between strut length and collapse load.
• The longer the strut length, the smaller the collapse load needed to
buckle.
• Relationship between various end-fixing conditions and collapse
load.
• Pinned-End Pinned-Fixed Fixed-End
Building structure
• Load- Weight of people and object, pressure of wind and
weight of rain and snow on the roof.
• Causes of building collapse.
• Bad design
• Faulty construction
• Foundation failure
• Extraordinary loads
• Unexpected failure modes
• Combination of causes.
• Importance of understanding the collapse load of
framework.
• Loss of human lives and injuries
• Economic waster in term of properties, investment and jobs
• Loss of trust and dignity
CONCLUSION
• The value of load to bend the strut is influence by the length of
the strut.
• There are three type of experiment that have been done that is
pinned end, pinned – fixed, and fixed end.
• These three difference give the differ reading on axial force
applied to the struts. Fixed end take the highest reading
compared to pinned end and pinned – fixed.
• When the strut length is low, the buckling load is in high result
rather than opposite from it. From the graph, we can see that
the buckling load is perpendicular with the length.
• The experiment is successfully being conducted and the
objective of the experiment being achieved
• The error within this experiment was grossly inaccurate and
exhibited unacceptable error.
• The main source of error was due to poor testing technique.
Even with proper technique, however, persistent and large error
was still present.
• The other error was due to ill conditioned test samples and
poorly calibrated equipment.
• The samples had experienced buckling many times previous to
this test, and the clamps were not aligned to place the force
parallel along the beam.
Thank You