MAJOR PROJECT

PRESENTATION
ON
SLOW-LIGHT
BY
UTKARSH NIGAM
2K15/MOC/20
 Slow-light
 Slow light is a dramatic reduction in the group velocity of light, not the phase velocity.

 It arises when the light pulse is substantially slowed down by the interaction with
propagating medium.

 Some applications:
Optical buffers
Quantum information processing

 Methods to achieve slow light

1. Material Dispersion
2. Waveguide Dispersion
 Material Dispersion Mechanisms

 Produce a rapid change in refractive index as a function of optical frequency

,i.e., they modify the temporal component of a propagating wave.

 Material dispersion mechanisms:

1. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)
2. Coherent population oscillation (CPO)
3. Various four-wave mixing (FWM) schemes
4. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS)
5. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS)
 Waveguide Dispersion Mechanisms
 In this mechanism, modification of the spatial component (k-vector) of a

propagating wave is done to achieve slow-light.

 Such mechanisms include photonic crystals and coupled resonator optical

waveguides (CROW).

 Slow-light can also be achieved exploiting the dispersion properties of

planar waveguides realized with single negative metamaterials (SNM)

or double negative metamaterials (DNM).

Theory of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
(SBS)
 The process of SBS can be described classically as a nonlinear interaction among the
pump and Stokes fields and an acoustic wave (initially generated thermally) through
the process of electrostriction.

 The acoustic wave produces density modulations that in turn modulate the refractive
index of the medium. This pump-induced index grating scatters the pump light through
Bragg diffraction, scattering of parts of the incident light wave into the backward
direction known as Stokes-wave.

 As the acoustic wave and the pump wave travels in same direction, due to relative
velocity of them, the frequency or the wavelength of the stokes wave shifts according
to the Doppler effect. This is known as Brillouin shift.
SBS Phenomenon
 Properties of SBS based Slow-light

 Only small pump powers of a few milliwatts are required.

 As time delay depends directly on the applied pump power, it can be continuously tuned
over a wide range.

 Works at room temperatures.

 It operates at all wavelengths, especially at those which are used in optical

communications.

 For the SBS-based slow-light setups reliable off-the-shelf telecommunications

components can be used. This keeps the systems simple, cheap, robust and easy to
implement into existing networks.
Equations used for Time Delay calculation

 The minimum pump power required to

initiate the SBS effect can be given as.
Where,
• α is the attenuation constant .
𝛼𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐿 • Aeff is the effective mode area.
𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 [𝑚𝑊] = • Leff is effective length given by
𝐾𝑔𝐵 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
1 − exp −𝛼𝐿
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝛼
• K is the polarization factor
• 𝑔𝐵 is the Brillouin gain.
 The maximum pump power above
which the output pulse is distorted is
given by.

𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 [𝑚𝑊] = 21
𝐾𝑔𝐵 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓
 Time delay (∆td) which is induced due to SBS is
given by
∆𝑡𝑑 𝑃𝑃 𝑔0 𝐾
= where,
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝛤𝐵
ΓB is the SBS line width,
ΓB = 2p∆vB
g 0 = g B /Aeff

𝑃𝑃 is input Pump Power,

 The gain (G) is given by
𝑃𝑃
𝐺 𝑑𝐵 = 10 log 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝑔𝐵 𝐾 𝐿
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓
Numerical Modelling of a Single Mode
Optical Fibre in Bismuth Oxide
for
Slow-Light Generation
Based on SBS
 TYPE SPECIFICATIONS RESULT
Step Index • Single-mode operation
fiber • Core – Bismuth oxide (2.22) Time delay of 104.45 ns for pump
(1m) Cladding – Tellurite (2.03) power of 976 mw.
• Operating wavelength – 1550nm

(a) Transverse cross-sectional view of fiber (b) Electric field distribution of fundamental mode

KEY FEATURES:
• For optimal single mode operation d1=1.32µm, d2=13µm.
Aeff = 1.82µm2 , Confinement loss = 5.67 X10−08 dB/m
 2𝜋×𝑎×(𝑛1 2 − 𝑛2 2 )1/2
 V=
𝜆

 V is normalized frequency parameter, a is core radius, n1

is core refractive index, n2 is cladding refractive index
and λ is wavelength.

 Single mode operation condition, V< 2.4048

Brillouin gain distance as a function of frequency

50

40
Brillouin Gain [dB]

30

20

10

0
8.4 8.6 8.8 9 9.2
Frequency [GHz]
Brillouin gain as a function input pump power

100

80
Brillouin Gain [dB]

60

40

20

-20
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Pump power [mW]
Time delay as a function of Pump power

120

100
Time delay [ns]

80

60

40

20

0
0 200 400 600 800
Pump power [mW]
Time delay per unit distance as a function of
Real fibre length (upto 5m)

400

350

300
Time delay (ps/mW)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Real Fiber Length [m]
Time delay per unit distance as a function of
Real fibre length (upto 50m)

700

600
Time Delay [ps/mW]

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Real Fiber Length [m]
 CONCLUSION

 In conclusion, we have designed and numerically analyzed a highly

nonlinear single mode step index bismuth oxide fiber for slow light
generation based on SBS.

 The fiber characteristics for slow light such as maximum allowable pump
power, Brillouin gain and time delay experienced by the pulse for proposed
fiber has been calculated.
 TYPE SPECIFICATIONS PARAMETERS
CALCULATED
Effective Mode 1.82
Area (μm2)
Step Index fiber Single-mode operation
(1m) Maximum Time 104.45
Core – Bismuth oxide (2.22) Delay Achieved
for (ns)
Cladding – Tellurite (2.03)
Generation of Maximum 90.38
Operating wavelength –
Slow Light Brillouin Gain
1550nm
(dB)
Figure of 45.29

merit at 500 mW
Time delay slope 1.145
efficiency (ns/dB)
 Future Scope:

 For slow light devices to become a household device we

need to have parameters like large tunability range, very
low power utilization and compactness of the device.
Research should be done for enhancing these parameters.

 Integrating slow light devices with other optical devices is

important for the realization of concepts like slow light
engineering and chip scale optical signal processing
systems.
THANKYOU