Principle Of Communication

Systems

Lecture 1
Instructor: Dr. Moazzam Islam
Tiwana,
Room 329 Academic Block 1,
moazzam.phd@gmail.com
 Course Literature
Textbook:
• Analog and Digital Communication, (3rd Edition) by
B. P. Lathi, Oxford Printing Press

Reference Books:
• Communication Systems, (3rd Edition) by Simon Haykin, John
Wiley & Sons
• Analog and Digital Communication Systems, (6th Edition) by Leon
W. Couch II, Prentice Hall, 2001

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 Pre-requisites

• Signals and Systems

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 Marks Distribution
Theory Assessment:

Sessional I 10 Marks
Sessional II 15 Marks
Quizzes 15 Marks
Assignments 10 Marks
Terminal Exam 50 Marks
Total 100 Marks

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 Attendance Policy

• At CIIT it is required by the students to have

at least 80% of attendance in the class.

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 Course Objectives

• To introduce principles of analog and digital

communication systems and methods used
in modulating and demodulating signals in
order to carry information from a source to a
destination

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Introduction

Chapter 1
 Communication
• Main purpose is to transfer information
from a source to destination (sink) via a
channel or a medium.

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 Communication System

• Noise
• Contact switches
• Lightning
• Engine ignition • Multipath effects
Increases with • Doppler Shift
length
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• A source originates a message, such as a human voice,
a television picture.

• The message is converted by an input transducer into

an electrical waveform (baseband signal).

• The transmitter modifies the baseband for efficient

transmission.

• The channel is a medium such as a coaxial cable, an

optical fiber, a radio link.

• The receiver processes the signal received to undo

modifications made at the transmitter and the channel.

• The output transducer convert the signal into the

original form
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Digital and Analog Sources and Systems

Basic Definitions:
• Analog Information Source:
An analog information source produces messages which are
defined on a continuum. (E.g. :Microphone)

• Digital Information Source:

A digital information source produces a finite and discrete set of
possible messages. (E.g. :Keyboard)

x(t) x(t)

t t
Analog Digital

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 Digital Transmission
• An analog signal is converted to a digital signal
by means of an analog to digital (A/D) converter.

• The signal m(t) is first sampled in the time

domain.
• The amplitude of the signal samples ms(kT) is
partitioned into a finite number of intervals
(quantization).

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 Analog to Digital Conversion

Sampling Theorem:
If the highest frequency in the signal spectrum is B,
the signal can be reconstructed from its samples
taken at a rate not less than 2B samples per second.
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Digital and Analog Sources and Systems

• A digital communication system transfers information

from a digital source to the intended receiver (also called
the sink).

• An analog communication system transfers

information from an analog source to the sink.
• A digital waveform is defined as a function of time that can
have a discrete set of amplitude values.

• An Analog waveform is a function that has a continuous

range of values.

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 Digital Systems …continued 3
• Digital signal are more robust to noise
• Advantages:
– Cheap electronic circuitry
– Immunity to noise
– Advanced signal processing (error correction,
equalization etc…)

9/21/2019 Riaz Hussain (rhussain@comsats.edu.pk) CIIT-IBD-EE EEE351 18

PCS Lecture-01
 Bandwidth
• Bandwidth of a channel is the range of
frequencies it can transmit with reasonable
fidelity. e.g. if a channel can transmit a signal
whose frequencies range from 0 to 4000 Hz
then B = 4KHz

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 Signal Power ‘S’
• It is important in two ways
– First Increasing the Signal Power will reduces the
effect of Noise on it. Larger SNR allows
transmission over longer distance.

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 Tradeoff Between S and B
• Telephone channels have limited Bandwidth
but a lot of Power

• Space vehicles have infinite bandwidth but

power is limited.

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 Channel Capacity
• Shannon Equation helps us in finding the
capacity of the channel

• ‘C’ is also known as rate of information

(bits/sec)

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 Modulation
• Modulation is a technique in which message signal is
transmitted to the receiver with the help of carrier signal.
• For modulation we change carrier’s amplitude, frequency or phase
according to message

Message signal
Message signal

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 Modulation (cont)
• The basic idea here is to superimpose the message
signal in analog form on a carrier which is a sinusoid
of the form

Acos(wt + φ)

• There are three quantities that can be varied in

proportion to the modulating signal: the amplitude,
the phase, and frequency.

• The first scheme is called Amplitude Modulation and

the second two are called Angle Modulation
schemes

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 Why Modulate
• Antenna size is a major concern
• For example in case of a wireless channel antenna size is inversely
proportional to the center frequency, this is difficult to realize for baseband
signals.
– For speech signal with frequency f = 3 kHz  =c/f=(3x108)/(3x103)
– Monopole antenna size without modulation /4=105 /4 meters = 15
miles - practically unrealizable
– Same speech signal if amplitude modulated using fc=900MHz will
require an antenna size of about 8cm.
– This is evident that efficient antenna of realistic physical size is needed
for radio communication system

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 Why Modulate (Cont.)
• Simultaneous Transmission of several
Signals
– Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM)

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 Comparative Analysis of Analog
Once a particular and
modulated signal
has been isolated, the demodulator
Digital Communication
converts the carrier variation of
amplitude or angle back into a
Analog Communication: Transmitter
baseband and
signalReceiver
voltage
Receiver
Transmitter
Wireless
Channel
Modulator DeMod

MUX DEMUX DeMod

Modulator
(FDM) (Tuner)

Modulator DeMod

Recovered Messages
Modulated Signal
Message Signals
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 Comparative Analysis of Analog and
Digital Communication (… cntd.)
Digital Communication: Transmitter
From Other
Channels

1010010 10110 01101

Analog to Source
Encrypt Multiplex
Digital Encode
Analog Converter Bits Encoded Bits Encrypted
input Data
01101
Multiplexed
01010
Data
10101
Pulse Channel Scrambled
Digital Bandpass modulated Encoded data
waveform waveform Data
Bandpass Bit to Sym. Channel
modulate & Pulse Encode Scrambler
Modulate
1001101 10001

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 Comparative Analysis of Analog and
Digital Communication (… cntd.)
Digital Communication: Receiver

Digital Bandpass Digital Channel

waveform Baseband Bits Decoded
waveform Equalizer, Data
De-modulate Channel De-scramble
Timing and
Decode
Sym. to Bits 01101

Descrambled
Bits 10001

Source De-
Decrypted
Decoded multiplexed
Bits
Bits Bits
Source
D/A Decrypt De-
Analog Decode
10110 Multiplex
output 1010010
To other
Channels
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 Digital Signal Nomenclature
• Information Source:
– Discrete output values e.g. Keyboard
– Analog signal source e.g. output of a microphone
• M - ary
– A digital message constructed with M symbols
• Digital Waveform
– Current or voltage waveform that represents a digital symbol
• Bit Rate
– Actual rate at which information is transmitted per second
• Baud Rate
– Refers to the rate at which the signaling elements are transmitted, i.e.
number of signaling elements per second.
• Bit Error Rate
– The probability that one of the bits is in error or simply the probability of
error

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 Digital Source Coding and Error
Correction Coding
• Digital Systems
– Unlike analog, adopts aggressive measures to lower the source data
rate and fights against channel noise
– Source Coding: To generate fewest bits possible for a given
message
– Error Correction Coding: To combat errors due to distortion and
noise by introducing redundancy

Source Coding and Error Correction Coding are two

successive stages in digital communication system

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