Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
C0
No dispersion
1.0
Effect of
dispersion
granular
media 0.5 C/C0
flow
column
0.0
Time
With retardation
porous
plate
C Model system
Vertical Section View
Contaminant plume
Plan View
NAPLs:
• DNAPLs-Dense Non-Aqueous Phase
Liquids
Free-Phase Residual
(Mobile) (Trapped)
NAPLs:
Wastewater Collection
Systems
Outline
• Quantity & Characteristics of Wastewater
• Combined Sewer Overflows
• Sewer Basics
• Sewage Pump Stations
• Alternative Collection Systems
How much wastewater do we
produce each day?
Source Average Daily Flow
Domestic sewage 60-120 gal/capita
These values are
Shopping centers 60-120 gal/1000 ft2 total floor rough estimates only
area
Hospitals 240-480 gal/bed
and vary greatly by
Schools 18-36 gal/student locale.
Travel trailer parks
Without individual 90 gal/site
hookups
With individual 210 gal/site
hookups
Campgrounds 60-150 gal/campsite
Mobile home parks 265 gal/unit
Motels 40-53 gal/bed
Hotels 60 gal/bed
Industrial areas
Light industrial area 3750 gal/acre
Heavy industrial 5350 gal/acre
Source: Droste, R.L., 1997. Theory and Practice of
Water and Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Characteristics
Other Contributions to Wastewater Flows
• Infiltration
– Older sewer pipe did not have water-tight
joints
– Sewers follow topography, which means many
follow stream-beds or drainage swales where
groundwater is high
– Since sewers are not under pressure,
groundwater can enter in through joints (as
well as sewage leak out if ground water is
lower than pipe)
Other Contributions to Wastewater Flows
Wastewater Characteristics
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Wastewater Characteristics
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Wastewater Characteristics
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Wastewater Characteristics
Other Oxygen Demands
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measured
quantity of oxygen needed to completely
oxidize organic and inorganic substances that
are present in a water. The COD will oxidize
organics/inorganics that would not normally
oxidize under natural conditions. The COD is
not a measure of the bioavailability or biological
activity in a wastewater.
COD >> BODu BOD5
Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) is the
theoretical amount of oxygen needed to
completely oxidize a substance.
Wastewater Characteristics
Solids in Wastewater
Wastewater Characteristics
Other Wastewater Constituents of Concern
V = velocity (ft/sec)
n = coefficient of roughness (dependent upon pipe
material/condition)
R = hydraulic radius = area/wetted perimeter (ft)
S = hydraulic slope (assumed to be slope of pipe)
(ft/ft)
Basic Sewer Design
• Collector pipes (pipe in street) is minimum
8 inches diameter (to allow cleaning)
• Service pipes (home or building to
collector is 4 to 6 inches diameter
• Gravity sewer pipes have no bends,
manholes used to make transitions in
direction and pipe size
• Pipe sections between manholes are at a
constant grade or slope (S)
Typical Manhole
Source: Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Collection, Treatment and Disposal. McGraw-Hill:New
York, 1972.
Small Pump Station
Alternative Collection Systems
• Applications
– Small community with failing septic systems
– New, small developments
– Areas where gravity sewers are not feasible
• Homes along edge of lake
• Areas with unstable soil
• Areas with flat terrain
• Rolling land with many small elevation changes
• High water table
• Restricted construction conditions
• Rock
• Urban development in rural areas
• Types of Alternative Systems
– Pressure sewers
– Vacuum sewers
– Small diameter gravity sewers
Pressure Sewers
• Each
home/building has
individual pump
• Wastewater
pumped to a
central treatment
location
• Pumps “grind”
sewage solids
Pressure Systems Can Pump Wastewater Treated
by Septic Tank – Used for Homes Previously on
Septic Systems
Vacuum Sewers
• Wastewater flows by gravity to a central
collector well (up to four homes per well)
• When well fills a vacuum lines pulls
wastewater to a central vacuum tank
• Wastewater pumped from central vacuum
tank to treatment or a gravity sewer
Typical Vacuum Sewer Layout
Vacuum System Components