Presented by:

Bea, Eunice Ann

Benitez, John Loyd
De Leon, Mae Ann
Espina, Mark Jeoffrey
Gerio, Marjorie
Logo, Paul Anthony
Mejico, Melizze Yvonne
Reyes, Jay Jay
Sarmiento, Tricia Lane

“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

the power or right to act, speak, or think as

one wants without hindrance or restraint.

principles concerning the distinction between

right and wrong or good and bad behavior.

It is freedom to do what one ought

“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

What is a moral act?

Any action that results from a deliberate
choice between good and evil or between
different degrees of goodness is moral act.
What is not a moral act?
Any thoughtless, unpremeditated act is not a
moral act. Acts taken under duress or threat
of force are not moral acts. Purely physical
acts like breathing are not moral acts.
“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

For Kant’s conception, the relation

between will and freedom could be
put in this way: Will is a free will
and Freedom is the freedom of will,
not of a choice. The reason that will
is free lies in the fact that it is about
a special kind of causality.
“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

However, according to Kant’s argument

in the first critique, we do not have
knowledge of freedom as an idea of
reason. That is: “we cannot know that we
are free”.

We cannot judge whether freedom is

real or not because it is an idea of pure
reason.
“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

Hypothetical Imperative

- Kant called any moral actions based on

desires
- it is a command of reason that applies
only if we desire the goal.
- are moral actions that are not moral
because they do not apply to everyone.
“Freedom as Formation for Moral Acts”

Categorical Imperative

- Are moral actions that are

moral
- they apply to everyone,
regardless of their wants and
feelings.
• Culture has the most profound influence on our
definition of morality or what we deem to be moral
or immoral.
• Cultural norms are the shared sanction, and
integrated system of beliefs and practices that are
passed down through generations and characterized
a cultural group.
• Folkways
• Mores We are exposed to cultural values from
• Taboos many sources -- family, peers, education,
authorities, religion. Because we spend most
of our formative years with family, the
values of the family, good or bad, are a
powerful influence.
“Cultural Relativism”

It is the view that moral or This is based on the idea

ethical systems, which vary that there is no ultimate
from culture to culture, are all standard of good or evil, so
equally valid and no one every judgment about
system is really “better” than right and wrong is a
any other. product of society.

Therefore, any opinion on

morality or ethics is subject
to the cultural perspective
of each person.
“Cultural Relativism”

“Hyena Man' had sex with 100 girls

and women, gets 2-year sentence”

Is the definition of rape universal?

How far can the excuse of cultural

relativism go before it's just a flimsy
cover-up for horrid human rights
violation?
“Cultural Relativism”

Few things to consider:

• This man was having unprotected sex with all of

these women and tested positive for HIV.
• The practice of these men getting paid to have sex
with the young girls by their families, is believed to
cleanse the girls, help keep evil spirits away, and is
considered a rite of passage in that culture.
• This man, Eric Aniva, was sentenced 2 years of
"hard labor".
“Benefits and Challenges of Cultural Diversity”
• Diverse cultural perspectives can inspire creativity and drive innovation
Benefits:
• Local market knowledge and insight makes a business more
competitive and profitable

• Cultural sensitivity, insight, and local knowledge means higher quality,

targeted marketing

• Drawing from a culturally diverse talent pool allows an organization to

attract and retain the best talent
•
• A diverse skills base allows an organization to offer a broader and more
adaptable range of products and services

• Diverse teams are more productive and perform better Greater

opportunity for personal and professional growth
“Benefits and Challenges of Cultural Diversity”
• Colleagues from some cultures may be less likely to let their voices
be heard
Challenges:
• Integration across multicultural teams can be difficult in the face of
prejudice or negative cultural stereotypes

• Professional communication can be misinterpreted or difficult to

understand across languages and cultures

• Navigating visa requirements, employment laws, and the cost of

accommodating workplace requirements can be difficult

• Different understandings of professional etiquette

• Conflicting working styles across teams