Changes in Matter

Recap of Atoms/Molecules/Elements/
Compounds
• Atom → smallest particle of matter
– Smallest part of an element
• Ag, Fe, H are all atoms

• Molecules → combination of 2 or more atoms, which are

either the same or different
• NaCl, H2O are all molecules

• Element → can’t be broken down into simpler substances.

Atoms or molecules that are made up of one or more
identical atoms
• Xe, O2 are all elements

• Compounds → can be broken down into simpler

substances called elements.
• CaCO3, NaCl, CO2, CaCO3, NaNO2
 Properties
• Def: a distinctive trait that describes an object or
substance
• Two types of properties
– Physical
• Can be detected by the 5 senses
– Colour, shape, taste, odour
• Can be measurable
– Height, weight, diameter
– Chemical
• How something reacts when put in contact with something
else
 Characteristic vs Non-Characteristic Properties

Characteristic Non-Characteristic
Specific for only one object Property which more than one object
share in common
•Boiling point
•Melting point •Colour
•Density •State at room temperature

•**Reaction to lime water

•**Reaction to a flame

** = only for gases

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiAvDpl5aJA&feature=related
 Changes
• Def: the process of becoming something
different

• Two types
– Physical: Changes in state of matter (solid, liquid,
gas)
• Substance is the same
– Chemical: Changes in atomic structure
• Substance is different
 Chemical Changes
• Changes which alters the bonds between
atoms, so that they are re-arranged and new
molecules are formed

Na + Cl  NaCl

Highly Highly Super

reactive toxic yummy on
metal gas French
fries!
 Common signs a Chemical change
occurred
1. Bubbles form → Creation of a gas
2. Major color change
3. Heat/light given off
4. Change in mass → lighter or heaver than
when started
5. Formation of a precipitate
 Common signs a Chemical change
occurred
1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yvp7-YzG-
FQ&feature=related
2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lZBNbgBhk
U&feature=related
3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIYwTN45X
5o&feature=related
4. Couldn’t find clip
5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khZIl9kv5Xc
&feature=related
• A chemical equation represents a chemical
reaction
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Reactants Products
(What you start with) (What your reactants turn into)

THIS IS NOT AN EQUAL SIGN!!

 Law of Conservation of Mass
• Nothing can be created, nothing can be
destroyed, matter can only transform from
one thing to another.

• Therefore, the total mass of your reactants

will always be equal to the total mass of the
products in every chemical reaction.
 Balancing Chemical Equations
Before can balance chemical equations, need to
figure out how to count atoms!
 COUNTING ATOMS
A. The SUBSCRIPT is the small number written in
the lower (“sub”) right hand corner of the
symbol of an atom to indicate its count. (A
number of “1” is never written.)

H2S
subscript

In hydrogen sulfide there are TWO atoms of

HYDROGEN and ONE atom of SULFUR.
B. The COEFFICIENT is the LARGE number written to
the left of the chemical formula to indicate the
number of molecules. (A number of “1” is never
written.)

1. COEFFICIENTS apply to the entire compound. To

find total number of atoms, the coefficient is
multiplied by the subscript.
2. Ex: 2 P2O (Diphosphorus monoxide)

Molecules of P2O: 2
Atoms of Phosphorus: 4
Atoms of Oxygen: 2
C. PARENTHESES
1. If elements or groups of elements are inside of
PARENTHESES, then the SUBSCRIPT in the lower
right corner outside the parentheses applies to all
the elements inside.
2. Ex:
Ba(OH)2 (Barium hydroxide)

Atoms of Barium: 1
Atoms of Oxygen: 2
Atoms of Hydrogen: 2
 LET’S PRACTICE!
MgCl2 (Magnesium chloride)

Atoms of Magnesium: 1
Atoms of Chlorine: 2

Al2S3 (Aluminum sulfide)

Atoms of Aluminum: 2
Atoms of Sulfur: 3
 PRACTICE
H2SO4 (Sulfuric acid)

Atoms of Hydrogen: 2
Atoms of Sulfur: 1
Atoms of Oxygen: 4

CH3OH (Methanol)
Atoms of Carbon: 1
Atoms of Hydrogen: 4
Atoms of Oxygen: 1
THIS COULD BE A LITTLE TRICKY…

Al2(CO3)3 (Aluminum carbonate)

Atoms of Aluminum: 2
Atoms of Carbon: 3
Atoms of Oxygen: 9
Ca(NO3)2 (Calcium nitrate)

Atoms of Calcium: 1
Atoms of Nitrogen: 2
Atoms of Oxygen: 6
 What about this DOOZIE???
2(NH4)3PO4 (Ammonium phosphate)
Number of molecules: 2

Atoms of Nitrogen: 6

Atoms of Hydrogen: 24

Atoms of Phosphorus: 2

Atoms of Oxygen: 8
B. Some Definitions (using equation below)
1. Reactant:
2. Products:
3. Yield:
4. Atom:
5. Molecule:
6. Coefficient:
7. Subscript:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

 Particle Model
• Using diagrams (models) to represent a Rxn
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
 Particle Model
• Using diagrams (models) to represent a Rxn
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
Balancing Chemical Equations
A. Rules of the game
1. DO NOT split formula
2. DO NOT change formula
3. DO NOT change subscripts
4. CAN ONLY change the coefficients
B. Different types of reactions
1. Simple/straightforward
2. Containing PIs (polyatomic ions)
a. PIs split up – count as individual atoms
b. PIs don’t split up- count as a package
3. The case of water
a. Count as two H’s and one O
b. Count as one H and one OH
4. Elements (oxygen or hydrogen) split up
 Practice
C + O2 → CO
 Practice
C + O2 → CO
 Practice
Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
 Practice
NaBr + CaF2 → NaF + CaBr2
 Practice
N2 + H2 → NH3
 Practice
Ca(OH)2 + HCl → CaCl2 + H2O
 Law of Conservation of Mass
“Nothing is lost; nothing is created; everything is
transformed”
A. Total mass of reactants always equals the
total mass of products
B. The nature of the atoms involved in a
chemical reaction is not altered, only the
bonds between the atoms change
• Therefore
– Total mass at the beginning of the reaction

EQUALS

– Total mass at the end of the reaction

 Main types of reactions
• Synthesis reactions
• Decomposition reactions
• Displacement reactions
• Neutralization reactions
• Oxidation reactions
• Combustion reactions
• Cellular respiration
• Photosynthesis
Synthesis Reaction
• Element + Element → Compound
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Decomposition Reaction
• Compound → Element + Element
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
Displacement Reaction
• ab + cd → ac + bd
• “element swap”
2 KI + Pb(NO3)2 → PbI2 + 2 KNO3
Neutralization reaction
• Acid + Base → Salt + Water
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Combustion Reaction
• Reaction releases a large amount of energy in
the form of heat
• Requires three things
o Fuel
o Oxidizing agent (oxygen usually)
o Ignition temperature (heat)
 Combustion Reaction

Ignition Temperature: Fuel:

Minimum Substance which
temperature needed undergoes
for combustion to combustion by
occur reacting with the
oxidizer

Oxidizing Agent:
Substance which allows for the fuel
to ignite
 Types of Combustion
1. Rapid
– Large amounts of heat and energy are released,
often results in a flame!
2. Spontaneous
– Starts without an external ignition source
3. Slow
– Gradual release of energy over time. Usually
does not produce a flame.
Cellular Respiration
• Chemical energy trapped in glucose released,
captured by ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Photosynthesis
• Solar energy is captured and stored into
chemical bonds, forming glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O +energy (light) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Difference between Cellular Resp. and Photosyn.

Cellular respiration is the opposite of

photosynthesis

• Cellular respiration consumes glucose

• Photosynthesis creates glucose
DON’T COPY
B. Some Definitions
1. Reactant: substances at the beginning of the
reaction, always on the left hand side of the arrow
2. Products: substances formed at the end of the
reaction, always on the right hand side of the arrow
3. Yield: represented by the arrow symbol, indicates
chemical reaction
4. Atom: smallest particle of matter
5. Molecule: compound of two or more atoms
6. Coefficient: number in front of a molecule, indicates
the number of molecules present
7. Subscript: number at the bottom right-hand corner,
indicates the number of atoms present in the
molecule