Water supply engineering

Water Quantity Estimation

 The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the
water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data:

 Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day

per head)
 Population to be served.

 Quantity = Per capita demand x Population

Water Consumption Rate
 Very difficult to assess the quantity of water demanded by the
public, since there are many variable factors affecting water
consumption.

 There are various types of water demands in a city.

 Domestic water demand

 Industrial demand
 Institution and commercial demand
 Demand for public use
 Fire demand
 Losses and wastes
1. Domestic water demand
 water required in residential building for drinking, bathing,
cooking, washing etc.

 mainly depends upon the habits, social status, climatic

conditions and customs of the people.

 As per IS: 1172-1963,

 the minimum domestic consumption for a town or city with
full flushing system - 200 litres/day/capita or head

 135 l/d/h for economically weaker section and LIG colonies

( lower income groups )
The details of the domestic consumption are

Sl. No. Description Amount of

water in l/h/d
1 Bathing 75
2 Washing of clothes 25
3 Flushing of WCs ( water closet ) 45
4 Washing and cleaning of 15
houses
5 Lawn watering and gardening 15
6 Washing of utensils 15
7 Cooking 5
8 Drinking 5
Total 200 l/h/d
 For low income groups….
Sl. No. Description Amount of water in lpcd
1 Bathing 55
2 Washing of cloths 20
3 Flushing of WCs 30
4 Washing and cleaning 10
of houses
5 Washing of utensils 10
6 Cooking 5
7 Drinking 5
Total 135

 The total domestic water consumption usually amounts to 50 – 60 % of

total water consumption.
2. Industrial demand

 It represents the water demand of industries which are earlier existing or

are likely to be started in future.

 This quantity varies with the number and type of industries present in the
city.

 The per capita consumption on account of industrial needs of a city is 50

litres / person / day .

 The quantity of water demand for industrial purpose is around 20 to 25% of

the total demand of the city.
Water demand of industries
3. Institutional and commercial demand

• Water requirements of institutions such as hospitals , hotels,

restaurants, schools and colleges, railway stations , offices ,
factories ....

• As per IS :
20 l/c/d (for normal commercial area)
50 l/c/d (highly commercial area)
Sl.No. Institution Water requirement
(lit/head/day)
1 Hospitals (including laundry)
a. No of beds exceeding 100 450 (per bed)
b. No of beds not exceeding 100 340 (per bed)
2 Hotels 180 (per bed)
3 Hostels 135
4 Nurse’s home and 135
medical quarters
5 Boarding schools and colleges 135
6 Restaurants 70 (per seat)
7 Airports 70
4. Demand for public use

 Quantity of water required for public utility purposes such as

for watering of public parks, gardens, public fountains ,washing
and sprinkling on roads, cleaning of sewers, etc. comes under
public demand.

 5% of the total consumption

 Usually 10 l /h/d
5.Fire demand

 During the fire break out, large quantity of water is required to

extinguish it, therefore provision is made in the water work to
supply sufficient quantity of water or keep as reserve in the
water mains for this purpose.

 Fire hydrants are fitted in water mains at about 100 to 150 m

apart ...and fire fighting pumps are immediately connected to
them as the fire break out..
Fire hydrants
 The quantity of water required for fire fighting is generally
calculated by using different empirical formulae.

 kuiching’s formula Q = 3182 √P

 Buston’s formula Q = 5633 √P
 Freeman formula Q = 1136 [ 10 + P/10 ]

‘Q’ is quantity of water required in litres/min

‘P’ is population of town or city in thousands
6.Water required to compensate losses in theft and
wastes

 Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked and broken pipes,

or damaged meters .

 Losses due to unauthorised and illegal connections.

 An allowance of 15% of total quantity of water is made to

compensate for losses
Per capita demand

 It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one

person ,and includes domestic use , industrial & commercial
use, public use , losses etc
Q
 Per capita demand = ------------------ litres/day
P x 365

Q - total yearly water requirement of the city in litres

P - population
 Per capita demand of the town depends on various factors like
standard of living, no. and type of commercial places in a town etc.

 For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in various uses

is as under-
Domestic use - 200 litres/c/d
Industrial use - 50 litres/c/d
Public use - 10 litres/c/d
commercial use - 20 litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts - 55 litres/c/d
--------------------------
Total : 335 litres/capita/day ( q )
Factors affecting per capita demand
 Size of the city

 Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared

to that for smaller towns .

 In big cities ...cleaning, sewer cleaning, industry , air coolers,

...
C limatic c onditions:

• in winter s eas ons less water demand and in s ummer

s eason water demand is more

• At hot and dry places , more of bathing, cleaning, air

coolers, air conditioning , sprinking in lawns ,gardens
roofs…

• in extreme cold condition, people keep their pipe open

to avoid freezing of pipes …
Habits of people and their economic status-

rich and upper class- consume more water – affluent living

standards
middle class - less water

Quality of water

 If quality and taste of supplied water is good , the consumption

will increase as people will not use private wells, hand pumps....
 Industries use this water ...will not develop their own supplies
Pressure in the distribution system
• pressure more , consumption more
• Losses and waste due to leakage ….increases with pressure

Development of sewerage facilities

Systems of supply : intermittent system

continuous system

Cost of water
 Policy of metering and charging method:

 Water tax is charged in two different ways:

on the basis of meter reading and
on the basis of certain fixed monthly rate.
Variations in water demand

Seasonal variation
• The demand peaks during summer.
• F irebreak outs are g enerally more in summer,
inc reasing demand
• Seasonal use of water in industries like…processing of
cash crops

Daily variation
• People draw out more water on S undays and h o l i days,
thus inc reasing demand on these days.
Hourly variations
Peak values : 8 -11 AM … 7 – 9 PM
• Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily demand

• Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand

= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand
24

 So, an adequate quantity of water must be available to meet the

peak demand.

 The supply pipes, distribution pipes ,service reservoirs and

pumps must be designed to meet the peak demand
 Design period
• The future period or number of years for which a
provision is made in designing the capacities of the
various components of water supply scheme is known as
design period

• Design period of 30 years is usually taken

• A completion period of 2 years may also be added to this
design period
Population data and population growth
• Present population – census ( decennial census )

• Population growth
 Birth
 Death
 migration
Population Forecasting Methods
 The various methods adopted for estimating future
populations .

 Arithmetic Increase Method

 Geometric Increase Method
 Incremental Increase Method
 Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
 Simple Graphical Method
 Comparative Graphical Method
 The master plan method
Arithmetic Increase Method
 This method is based on the assumption that the
population is increasing at a constant rate.
 The rate of change of population with time is constant.
The population after ‘n’ decades can be determined
by the formula
Pn = P + n.c where
 P → population at present
 n → No. of decades
 c → Constant determined by the average of increase
of ‘n’ decades
Geometric Increase Method
 This method is based on the assumption that the
percentage increase in population from decade to
decade remains constant.
 In this method the average percentage of growth of last
few decades is determined.
 The population at the end of ‘n’ decades is calculated
by- Pn = P {1+ IG/100} where
 P → population at present
 C → average percentage of growth of ‘n’ decades
Incremental Increase Method

 This method is improvement over the above

two methods.
 The average increase in the population is
determined by the arithmetical method and to
this is added the average of the net incremental
increase once for each future decade.