COMPUTER

PRESENTATION Nupur Sonawane

Standard: 9th A
 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF
COMPUTERS

1. History
2. Generations of computers based on hardware
3. Generations of computers based on software
4. Types of software
 HISTORY

• 1. Abacus
• It was the earliest device developed for simple
calculations about 4000 years ago.
• 2. Napier’s Bone
• It was a multiplication device developed by John
Napier in the years 1550 to 1617.
• 3. Scapline
• It was a device developed by Blaise Pascal in
the years 1642 to 1644 which was used to
perform addition and subtraction only.
 HISTORY
• 4. Liebnitz wheel
• It was a machine developed by Leibnitz to perform addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and to calculate roots in the year 1690.
• 5. Difference engine
• It was designed and built by Charles Babbage to perform calculations without
human intervention in the year 1822.
• 6. Analytic machine
• It was a machine designed by Charles Babbage in the year 1830 . It was a
technology base to the technology of modern computers. It had an arithmetic unit
to perform calculations and mechanism to store results and instructions.
• ‘Charles Babbage’ is known as the father of the modern day computer because
of such contributions.
• In 1946t, J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly invented giant ENIAC machine at
the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC ( Electrical Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) was the first machine to use large number of vacuum tubes.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
BASED ON HARDWARE
• Classification of computers into generation
• 1. First Generation Computers ( 1945-1955)
The first generation of computers started with ENIAC. It
was then followed by IBM UNIVAC I ( Universal Automatic computer)
built by Mauchly and Eckert in 1951. First generation computers used
vacuum tubes and because of it, they were very large, slow in
input/output, requires lot of energy and suffered with heat and
maintenance problems.
• 2. Second Generation Computers ( 1955-1965)
In second generation computers, Transistors were used to
overcome the difficulties faced in first generation computers. Transistor
is a small component made of semiconductor material. With the use
of it, the problem of heat was minimized and computers size was
reduced. The computers now could perform operation comparatively
faster , storage capacity was also improved. Higher level languages
such as ALGOL and FORTRAN were used in this computers. Example of
second generation computer is IBM.
• 3. Third Generation Computers ( 1965-1980)
This generation computers used Integrated Circuits(ICs).
Silicon chip, on which these circuits are fixed, consumes less than one-
eighth of an inch square on which electronic components like diodes,
transistors, capacitors etc. can be fixed. These computers were
smaller, faster and more flexible in terms of input and output and
satisfy need of small business. These computers soon became popular
as mini computers. Examples of third generations computers is IBM
360, PDP 8 and PDP 11 machines.
• 4. Fourth Generation Computers (1980-1989)
This generation computers used large scale ICs called VLSI(
Very Large Scale Integration). These computers were faster, smaller
and reliable. They became more user – friendly and can be used
widely for personal applications. Hence such machines were called
Personal Computers (PCs). Examples of fourth generation computers
are IBM PC and APPLE II. They also include super computers such as
CRAY series computers. Super computers are used for applications
which require intensive numerical computations such as stock analysis,
weather forecasting etc.
• 5. Fifth Generation Computers ( 1989- till date)
This generation computers are further made smarter in terms of
processing speed, user friendliness and connectivity to network. These
computers are portable and sophisticated. Powerful desktops,
notebooks, variety of storage mechanism such as optical disks and
advanced software technology such as distributed operating system
and artificial intelligence are key features of this computers. Example
of fifth generation computers are IBM notebooks, Pentium PCs and
PARAM 10000.
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
BASED ON SOFTWARE
1. First Generation
It is a machine level language or machine language which is a
two state language and having symbols 0 and1. It is also called binary
language.
2. Second Generation
It is a Assembly Language . It was introduced to avoid difficulties
working with the machine level language. It uses ‘ mnemonic
codes’ or ‘ symbols’.
• 3.Third Generation
This generation languages were designed as a subset of
English language. This languages are also known as higher level
languages. To make machine automatically translate the content
written in higher level language, specially utility called translator ( such
as compiler and interpreter) is used. The translator written in machine
understandable form converts data and instructions provided into
English like higher level language into machine understandable form.
Examples of third generation languages are C, COBOL and Java
programming language.
• 4. Fourth Generation
This generation language has more sophisticated programming
environments than third generation language. This language reduce
programming effort by just specifying what to do instead of hoe to do .
Example of fourths generation language is Structured Query Language (SQL).
5. Fifth Generation
This languages are designed to make computer solve a given
problem without the programmer. Some examples of applications that
require such support is fault finding, voice recognition and intrusion
detection. This languages use artificial intelligence techniques to meet their
goal The Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques can handle imprecision and
supports human like self learning and problem solving.
 TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• There are two major type of software:
1. System Software
System software manages computer hardware and act as an
interface between computer hardware and software developed for
business application. It provides important functionalities like booting
computers properly, managing memory, channeling data from
secondary memory to primary memory, managing printers and
other resources. Example of system software is an operating system.
Some translator programs are also examples of system software. This
programs mentioned are the compilers and interpreters. Interpreters
are generally slower than compilers.
• 2. Application software
This software is a special software that has to be developed
for some type of application specific support. This software supports
business applications such as printing reports from data stored,
calculating bills, generating play-slips, marking attendance, printing
students’ mark-sheets etc. Application Software is a set of computer
instructions that provide application specific functionalities to a user.
These functionalities mat be general purpose such as word processing
or may be very narrow, such as an organization’s payroll program that
generates pay-slips in company’s format, on company’s preprinted
stationery.
 RELATIONSHIP AMONG HARDWARE,
SYSTEM SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION
SOFTWARE