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Introduction
Lecture 1
Introduction
What is a signal?
A signal is a function of time that represents a
physical quantity such as a force, position,
voltage, and so on.
Signal Processing: the field of techniques
used to extract information from signals.
Application Areas
Electrical signals: Voltages and currents in a
circuit.
Telecommunications: modems, cell phone.
Speech and Audio: voice mail, audio
compression.
Medical: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),
CT-scan.
Image Processing: Compression, Enhancement,
Restoration.
Radar, Sonar.
Application Areas
SIGNALS AND CLASSIFICATION OF
SIGNALS
1- Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals:
Continuous signals and systems: Continuous-time signal is a function of a real argument x(t) where t
is a continuous variable and it can take any real value.
Discrete signals and systems: A discrete-time signal is a function of an argument that takes values
from a discrete set x[n] where n ={...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3...}
or in a shorter form as
Where
The even and odd parts of the signal x(t)=u(t) are shown in Fig.1
6- Energy and Power Signals
Energy (joules)
Power (watt)
1. x(t) (or x n ) is said to be an energy signal ( or
sequence) if and only if 0 < E < ∞ and so P=0.
2. x(t) (or x n ) is said to be a power signal ( or
sequence) if and only if 0 < P < ∞ , thus
implying that E=0.
3. Signals that satisfy neither property are referred
to as neither energy signals nor power signals.
Signal Energy & Power
It is often useful to characterise signals by measures such as
energy and power
Total energy of a continuous signal x(t) over [t1, t2] is:
t2
E
2
x(t ) dt
t1
E n n x[n]
n2 2