Projections of Straight Lines

The shortest distance between two points is

called a straight line.
Positions of straight lines with respect to
V.P. and H.P.
1. Perpendicular to one plane and parallel to the
other.
2. Parallel to both the planes.
3. Parallel to one plane and inclined to the other.
4. Contained by one plane and inclined to the other.
5. Inclined, to both the planes.
Line perpendicular to H.P. and
parallel to V.P.
Prob 1 : A line AB 25 mm long is parallel
to V.P. and perpendicular to H.P. Point A
is 35 mm above H.P. and 20mm in front of
V.P. Point B is 10mm above H.P. Draw the
projections of the line AB.
 Prob 2 : A line CD 20 mm long is parallel to V.P. and
perpendicular to H.P. Point C is 35 mm above H.P. and
10 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projections.
Line perpendicular to V.P. and
parallel to H.P.
Prob 3 : A line AB 25 mm long is
perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P.
Its end A is 10mm in front of V.P. and the
line is 20mm above H.P. Draw the
projections of the line.
Prob 4 : A line CD 30 mm long is
perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to
H.P. Its end C is 5 mm, in front of V.P.
and the line is 10 mm above' H.P. Draw
the projections of the line.
Line parallel to both the planes
Prob 5 : A line CD 30 mm long is parallel
to both the planes. The line is 40 mm
above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P.
Draw its projections.
Prob 6 : A line AB 50 mm long is parallel to both the
planes. The line is 35 mm in front of V.P. and 30 mm
above H.P. Draw the projections of the line .
Line parallel to V.P. and inclined
to H.P.
Prob 7 :A line PQ 40mm long is parallel
to V.P. and inclined at an angle of 30° to
H.P. The end P is 15 mm above H.P.
and 20 mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the line
Prob 8 : A line MN 50mm long is parallel to
V.P. and inclined at an angle of 30° to H.P.
The end M is 20 mm above H.P. and 10
mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of
the line
Line parallel to H.P and Inclined to V.P

Prob 9: Draw the projections of straight

line EF 40 mm long parallel to HP and
inclined at an angle of 350 to VP. The
End E is 20 mm Above H.P and 15 mm
in front of VP.
 Prob 10: Draw the projections of a
straight line CD 50mm long, parallel to
H.P and inclined to V.P. the end C is 10
mm in front of VP and D is 30 mm in front
of VP. The line is 15mm above HP.
 Line contained by V.P. and
inclined to H.P.
Prob 11: A line AB 50 mm long is in
V.P. and inclined at an angle of 35° to
H.P. The end A is 10 mm above H.P.
Draw the projections.
Prob 12: A line EF 40 mm long is in V.P.
and inclined to H.P. The top view
measures 30 mm. The end E is 10 mm
above H.P. Draw the projections of the
line. Determine its inclination with H.P.
Line Inclined to Both the Planes:
The position of the line PQ which is
inclined to both the planes is shown in
first quadrant in the Fig.
The projections of this line can be
obtained by rotating this line into two
simple positions, namely,
a. parallel to the V.P.
b. parallel to the H.P.
 15. A line CD 80 mm long is inclined at an angle of 300 to
H.P and 450 to V.P. the point C is 20 mm above H.P and 30
mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the straight line.
Sol:
1. C is 20 mm above H.P. therefore mark C’ 20 mm above XY
Plane.
2. C is 30 mm in front of V.P. therefore mark C 30 mm below XY
Plane.
To obtain the locus of d’ and top view length:
3. To start with assume the line to be inclined to only one plane
(say H.P).
from C’ draw a 300 line to XY and mark d1’ such that
C’d1’=true length = 80mm.
4. Draw a horizontal line through d1’ which will be the locus of D
in front view.
5. Draw a horizontal line from C.
6. From d1’ draw a projector to intersect the horizontal drawn
from C at d1. now cd1 is the length of the top view.
To obtain the locus of d and front view length
7. Next assume the line to be parallel to H.P. and inclined
at to V.P. We can obtain the locus of d.
8. From c draw a line 45° to XY and mark d2 such that cd2=
true length = 80 mm.
9. Draw a horizontal line through d2 which- will be the locus
of D in top view.
10.From d2 draw a projector to intersect the horizontal line
drawn from c' at d'2 . c'd'2 is the length of the front view.
11.To draw the top view :
12.With c as centre and cd 1 as radius draw an arc to,
intersect the locus of d at d. Now cd is the top view. To
draw the front view :
13.With c' . as centre and c'd'2 as radius draw an arc to
intersect the locus of d'. Now c'd' is the front view.
14.Now d' and d will be on the same projector.
17. A line PQ 75 mm long is inclined at an angle of 45° to
H.P. and 30° to V.P. The point P is 15 mm above H.P. and
20 mm in front of V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
17. A line measuring 75 mm long has one of its ends 50 mm
in front of V.P. and 15 mm above H.P. The top view of the
line is 50 mm long. Draw and measure the front view. The
other end is 15 mm in front of V.P. and is above H.P.
1. A is 15 mm above H.P. and 50 mm in front of
V.P. Therefore mark a' 15 mm above XY and a
50 mm below XY.
To draw the top view, given the top view length :
2. B is 15 mm in front of V.P. Therefore draw a
horizontal line 15 mm below XY to represent
the locus of b.
3. The top view of the line is 50 mm. Therefore
with a as centre and 50 mm as radius, draw an
arc to intersect the locus of b at b. Now ab is
the top view of the given straight line.
To obtain the locus of b'
4. With a as centre and ab as radius draw an arc
to intersect the horizontal drawn through a at
b1.
5. The true length is given as 75 mm. Therefore
with a' as centre and 75 mm as radius, draw
an arc to intersect the projector drawn from bl
at b'i.
6. Draw a horizontal line through b'1 to represent
the locus of b'.
To draw the front view
7. From b draw a projector to intersect the
locus of b' at b'.
8. Join a'b' which is the front view of the given
line.
18. A line measuring 80 mm long has one of
its ends 60 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in
front of V.P. The other end is 15 mm
above H.P. and in front of V.P. The front
view of the line is 60 mm long. Draw the
top view.
 Draw the projections of a straight line AB of
100mm long when one of its ends is touching the
V.P. and the other end touching H.P. the angle of
inclination with H.P and V.P are 400 and 500
respectively
True Length of a Straight line and
Its true Inclinations with H.P and
V.P.
Given the projections of a line, to find the
true length and inclinations with H.P and
V.P:
when a line is parallel to a plane, its
projection on that plane will give its true
length and the true inclination with the
other plane. After making the line parallel
to a plane, its true length can be obtained
by any one of the two methods.
Rotating Line Method:
Make each view parallel to XY line and
project the other view from it.
Trapezoid Method:
Rotate the line about its projections till
it lies in H.P. or V.P.
 22. The distance between the projectors of two points A
and B is 70 mm. Point A is 10 mm above H.P. and 15 mm
in front of V.P. Point B is 50 mm above H.P. and 40 mm in
front of V.P. Find the shortest distance between A and B by
Rotating Line Method. Measure the true inclinations of the
line AB with V.P. and H.P.
To obtain the projections :
1. Mark a' 10 mm above XY and a 15 mm below
XY. Draw another projector 70 mm from the
projector" of A. Mark b' 50 mm above XY and b
40 mm below XY on the second projector. Join
a'b' and ab.
To obtain the shortest distance between A & B
(= true-length of AB) :
2. Through b' draw the locus of b'.
With a as centre and ab as radius draw an arc
to intersect the horizontal. line drawn from a at
b 2.
3. From b2 draw a projector to intersect the
locus of b' at b2 . Join a'b2 . Now a'b' 2=
AB = shortest distance between A and B
= 85 mm.
CHECK .: Draw the locus of b. With a' as
centre and a'b' as radius draw an arc to
intersect the horizontal line drawn from a'
at bI. From b', draw a projector to -meet
the locus of b at b1. Join abl. Now ab1=
AB = a'b’2
23. The distance between the projectors of
two ends of a straight line is 60 mm. One
end is 15 mm above H.P. and 50 mm in
front of V.P. The other end is 60 mm
above H.P. and 10 mm in front of V.P.
Draw the projections and find the true
length of the line.
 24. The distance between the projectors of two points A
and B is 70 mm. Point A is 10 mm above H.P. and 15 mm
in front of V.P. Point B is 50 mm above H.P. and 40 mm
in front of V.P. Find the shortest distance between A and
by Trapezoid Method . Measure the true
inclinations of the line AB with V.P. and H.P.
To obtain the projections :
1. Mark a' 10 mm above XY and a 15 mm below XY.
Draw another projector 70 mm from the projector of A.
Mark b' 50 mm above XY and b 40 mm below XY on
the second projector. Join a'b' and ab.
To obtain the shortest distance (= true length of AB) :
2. At a' draw a perpendicular to a'b' and mark a' A = 15
mm = distance of a from XY.
3. Similarly draw a perpendicular to a'b' at b' and mark b'
B = 40 mm = distance of b from XY. Join AB. Now-AB
= 85 mm.
CHECK : At a draw a perpendicular to ab and mark aA
= 10 mm = distance of a' from XY. At b draw a
perpendicular to ab and mark b B = 50 mm = distance
of b' from XY. Join AB. Measure AB (= 85 mm).
The distance between the projectors of
two ends of a straight line is. 40 mm. One
end is 15 mm above H.P.and 10 mm in
front of V.P. The other end is 40 mm
above H.P. and 40 mm in front of V.P.
Find the true length and the true
inclinations of the line by (i) Rotating line
method and (ii) Trapezoid method.
Compare
26. A line LM 70 mm long, has its end L 10 mm above H.P.
and 15 mm in front of V.P. Its top view and front
view measures 60 mm and 40 mm respectively. Draw the
projections of the line and determine its inclinations with
H.P. and V.P.
 LM 70 mm ; I' and l ; lm = 60 mm ; l'm' = 40 mm.
1. Mark I' 10.mm above XY and l 15 mm below XY.
To find θ and 1'm' :
2. From l draw a line parallel to XY and mark lml =60 mm =
top view length.
NOTE : The front view corresponding to this top view will
give the true length and 0.
3. From ml draw a projector. With l' as centre and true
length = 70 mm as radius draw an arc to intersect the
above projector at m‘1.4.
4. Join 1'm'1. Now measure θ = 31°.
5. Draw the locus of m'. With l' as centre and front view
length = 40 mm as radius draw an arc to intersect the
locus of m' at m'. Join I'm'. This is the front view of LM.
To find Ø and lm :
6. Draw 1'm'2 = 40 mm = front view length and
parallel to XY.
NOTE: The top view corresponding to this front
view will give the true length and Ø).
7. From m'2 draw a projector. With 1 as centre and
true length 70 mm as radius draw an arc to
intersect the above projector at m 2.
8. Join 1m2 and measure 4= 55°.
9. Through m 2 draw the locus of m. With 1 as
centre and 60 mm (top view length) as radius
draw an arc to cut the locus of m at m. Join 1m.
A line AB 40 mm long is parallel to V.P. and inclined at 35° to H.P. The
end A is 15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the line and find its traces.
Draw the projections of a straight line LM 40 mm long, parallel to H.P.
and inclined at 35° to V.P. The end L is 20 mm above H.P. and 15 mm

in front of V.P. Find its traces